EN JEDZRY FADZLIN B JALALUDDIN (BP217)

Degree in Sc (Statistics), UM
Master in Applied Statistics, UiTM
Postgrad Diploma in Education, UM

1
 FAD1014 : MATHEMATICS 2
Integration
* Integration as Anti-Derivative*
Semester 2

Adapted from J Merrill 2009 and MZMK 2011

 1.1 - Antiderivatives
Integrals appear in many practical situations. l
w
For ex: If a swimming pool is rectangular with a
flat bottom, then from its length, width, and
depth we can easily determine the volume of
water it can contain (to fill it), the area of its
surface (to cover it), and the length of its edge h
(to rope it).

But if it is oval with a rounded bottom, all of

these quantities call for integrals. Practical
approximations may suffice for such trivial
examples, but precision engineering (of any
discipline) requires exact and rigorous values
for these elements.
1.1 - Antiderivatives

• We have been solving situations dealing with total

amounts of quantities
• Derivatives deal with the rate of change of those
quantities
• Since it’s not always possible to find functions that
deal with the total amount, we need to be able to
find the rate of change of a given quantity
• Antidifferentiation is needed in this case

4
 1.1 - Antiderivatives

Distance as a function of time Acceleration as a function of time

ds dv
st   s ' t   vt   v' t   at 
dt dt
Velocity as a function of time

s t    vt dt   s ' t dt vt    at dt   v' t dt at 

5
1.1 - Antiderivatives

• If F(x) = 10x, then F’(x) = 10. F(x) is the antiderivative of

f(x) = 10
• If F(x) = x2, F’(x) = 2x. F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) =
2x

 f x dx   F ' x dx  F x 

 10dx   F ' x dx  10 x
 2 xdx   F ' x dx  x
2
1.1 - Antiderivatives

• Find the antiderivative of f(x) = 5x4

• Work backwards (from finding the derivative)

• The antiderivative of f(x) is x5

1.1 - Antiderivatives

• In the example we just did, we know that F(x) = x2 is not

the only function whose derivative is f(x) = 2x
• G(x) = x2 + 2 has 2x as the derivative
• H(x) = x2 – 7 has 2x as the derivative

• For any real number, C, the function F(x)=x2 + C has f(x)

as an antiderivative
1.1 - Antiderivatives

• There is a whole family of functions having 2x

as an derivative
• This family differs only by a constant
1.1 - Antiderivatives

• Since the functions

• G(x) = x2 F(x) = x2 + 2 H(x) = x2 – 7 differ only by a
constant, the slope of the tangent line remains the
same

The family of antiderivatives

can be represented by F(x) + C
1.1 - Antiderivatives

• The family of all antiderivaties of f is indicated

by

 f(x)dx This is called the

indefinite integral and
is the most general
antiderivative of f

Integral sign Integrand

1.1 - Antiderivatives
 Example 1.1.1

• Using this new notation, the dx means the

integration of f(x) with respect to x
• If we write 2ax
 dx  a(2x)dx 

as a constant and x as the variable

ax 2
 C , a gets treated

• If we write 2ax

as the constant
 da  a 2
x  C  xa 2
 C x gets treated
Finding the Antiderivative

• Finding the antiderivative is the reverse of

finding the derivative. Therefore, the rules for
derivatives leads to a rule for antiderivatives
• Example:
d 5
x  5x 4
dx

• So
 5x 4dx  x5  C
Example 1.1.2

1
1
 x dx
2
 3 dx  3 dx
x
 3x  C
Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sigma Notation and Limits of Finite Sums

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Riemann Sum

If f is a continuous function, then the left

Riemann sum with n equal subdivisions
for f over the interval [a, b] is defined to
be n 1

k 0
f  xk x

 f ( x0 )x  f ( x1 )x  ...  f ( xn 1 )x

  f ( x0 )  f ( x1 )  ...  f ( xn 1 )  x
where a  x0  x1  ...  xn  b are the
subdivisions and x  (b  a) / n.
Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
 The Definite Integral

If f is a continuous function, the definite integral of f from a to b is

defined to be

b n 1

 f ( x)dx  lim  f  x
a
n 
k 0
k x

The function f is called the integrand, the numbers a and b are called
the limits of integration, and the variable x is called the variable of
integration.

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Approximating the Definite Integral

y


Ex. Calculate the Riemann sum for the 

integral 2 using n = 10. 

0 x 2 dx 

n 1 9
1
 


f  xk x  xk   2 x

5
        

k 0 k 0 



 2 2 2
 (1/ 5)  (2 / 5)  ...  (9 / 5)  (1/ 5)
 2.28

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Indefinite integrals and
standard integrals

21
1.2.1 Rules for Antiderivatives

• Integrating a constant
 adx  ax  c a, c are constants.
• Power Rule: You can always
check your
x n 1
answers by
 dx  n  1  C
x n
taking the
derivative!
for any real number n  1
(add 1 to the exponent and divide by that number )
t 31
t 4

t dt  C
• Ex: 3

31 4
1 t 1
1
 t 2 dt  t dt  1  C  t  C
2
• Ex:
You Do

• 1.
 u du

• 2.  dx
 1.2.2 Rules for Finding Antiderivatives

• Constant Multiple and Sum/Difference:

Basic rules of
integration
(a) If c is a constant
 k  f (x )dx  k  f (x )dx
for any real number k
(b) For two functions, f(x) and
g(x)
 f (x )  g (x )dx  f (x )   g (x )dx
Example 1.2.1

 dv
2v 3

 v 4
 v 4
2v 3dv  2    C  C
 4 2

• You do:
12
z 5
dz

   4z  5 dz
3z 2
Example 1.2.2

x2 1  x2 1  First, rewrite the

 x  
 x
  dx
x 
integrand

x2 1  3 1
   dx  x 2  x 2  dx

 21
 1
   

x x2 
5 1
5 1
Now that we have x 2
x 2
2
rewritten the integral, we    C  x  2x  C 2 2
can find the antiderivative 5 1 5
2 2
Recall

• Previous learning:
• If f(x) = ex then f’(x) = ex
• If f(x) = ax then f’(x) = ax(ln a)
• If f(x) = ekx then f’(x) = kekx
• If f(x) = akx then f’(x) = k(ln a)akx

• This leads to the following formulas:

1.2.3 Indefinite Integrals of Exponential Functions

 e x
dx  e x
C
e kx
 e dx  k  C , k  0
kx

ax
 a dx  ln a  C
x

a kx
 a dx  kGene  C ,k  0
kx

(ln a )
rally


 f ( x )e dx  e  c
f ( x) f ( x)
Example 1.2.3

 9e dt t
 9  e dt  9e t
C t

e 9t

e dt  C
9t

9
 5u  5 5
5
u  e 4  4 4 u 12 4u
 du  3  5
3e   C  3 e  C  e  C
4

  5 5
 4 
You Do

2
5 x
dx a kx

Recall  dx  k (ln a )  C , k  0
a kx
1.2.4 Indefinite Integral of x-1

1
x dx   dx  ln x  C
1

x
Gener
(produce
ally : log
function)
f ( x )
 dx  ln f ( x )  c
f ( x)
• Note: if x takes on a negative value, then ln x will
be undefined. The absolute value sign keeps that
from happening.
Example 1.2.4

4 1
 x dx  4
x
dx  4ln x  C

You Do:
 5 
  x  e 2x
 dx

(e)1.2.5
Integration ofIntegral
Indefinite trigonometric functionfunctions
of trigonometric

 sin x dx   cos x  c
 cos x dx  sin x  c
 tan x dx  ln sec x  c
 sec x dx  ln sec x  tan x  c
 cot x dx  ln sin x  c
 sec 2
x dx  tan x  c
(e)1.2.5
Integration ofIntegral
Indefinite trigonometric functionfunctions
of trigonometric

 cos ec x dx  ln cos ec x  cot x  c

 cos ec 2
x dx   cot x  c

 sec x tan x dx  sec x  c

 cos ec x cot x dx   cos ec x  c

 Example 1.2.5

1
 (3 cos x  4 sin x  2 ) dx
x
1
 3 cos x dx  4  sin x dx   2 dx
x
1
 3 sin x  4 cos x   c
x
Example 1.2.6

7
 ( 3  4e  4x ) dx
x x

 dx 
a x a x
c
ln a
7 1 1
  3 dx  4  e dx   dx
x x
 dx  ln x  c
4 x x
x
3 7
  4e  ln x  c
x
ln 3 4
 Example 1.2.7

3x 2  4x  1  8 
 x  1 dx   3x  7  x  1 dx
1
 3 x dx  7  dx  8 dx
x 1
x2 1
3  7 x  8 dx
2 x 1
Let u = x - 1 , therefore du = dx
x2 1 1
3  7 x  8 du  dx  ln x  c
2 u x
x2
3  7 x  8 ln(u )  c
2
x2
 3  7 x  8 ln( x  1)  c
2