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Database Languages

The document discusses database languages and their components. It notes that a database system uses a data definition language (DDL) to specify the database schema and a data manipulation language (DML) to query and update data. The DDL and DML are parts of a single database language, such as SQL. The DDL is used to create and modify the database structure, while the DML allows users to access and manipulate stored data.

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39 views13 pages

Database Languages

The document discusses database languages and their components. It notes that a database system uses a data definition language (DDL) to specify the database schema and a data manipulation language (DML) to query and update data. The DDL and DML are parts of a single database language, such as SQL. The DDL is used to create and modify the database structure, while the DML allows users to access and manipulate stored data.

Uploaded by

priyankasuresh25277
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Database Languages

• A database system provides a data definition language


to specify the database schema and a data manipulation
language to express database queries and updates.

• The data definition and data manipulation languages are


not two separate languages.

• instead they simply form parts of a single database


language, such as the widely used SQL language
Data-Definition Language
• Specify a database schema by a set of definitions
expressed by a special language called a data-
definition language (DDL).
• the following statement in the SQL language
defines the account table:
• Create table account(account-number
char(10),balance integer).
DDL
• DDL statement creates the account table.
• it updates a special set of tables called the
data dictionary or data directory.
Database Languages

• A data dictionary contains metadata—that is, data


about data.
• The schema of a table is an example of metadata.

• A database system consults the data dictionary


before reading or modifying actual data.
Database Languages
• specify the storage structure and access methods
used by the database system by a set of
statements in a special type of DDL called a data
storage and definition language.
• These statements define the implementation
details of the database schemas, which are usually
hidden from the users
Database Languages
• The data values stored in the database must
satisfy certain consistency constraints.
• For example, suppose the balance on an
account should not fall below $100.
• The DDL provides facilities to specify such
constraints.
• The database systems check these constraints
every time the database is updated
Data-Manipulation Language
• Data manipulation is
• The retrieval of information stored in the
database
• The insertion of new information into the
database
• The deletion of information from the database
• The modification of information stored in the
database
DML
• A data-manipulation language (DML) is a
language that enables users to access or
manipulate data as organized by the
appropriate data model.
• There are basically two types:
DML
• Procedural DMLs require a user to specify
what data are needed and how to get those
data.
• Declarative DMLs (also referred to as
nonprocedural DMLs) require a user to specify
what data are needed without specifying how
to get those data.
DML..
• Declarative DMLs are usually easier to learn
and use than are procedural DMLs.
• since a user does not have to specify how to
get the data, the database system has to
figure out an efficient means of accessing
data.
• The DML component of the SQL language is
nonprocedural
QUERY

• A query is a statement requesting the retrieval of information.

• The portion of a DML that involves information retrieval is called


a query language
• This query in the SQL language finds the name of the customer
whose customer-id is 192-83-7465:
• select customer.customer-name

• from customer

• where customer.customer-id = 192-83-7465

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