Bab 3
Bab 3
Bab 3
BAB 3
Pengukuran Deskriptif Numerik
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-1
Tujuan Kuliah
populasi
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-2
Topik di Bab ini
Pengukuran dari central tendency
Mean, median, mode, geometric mean
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-3
Measures of Central Tendency
Overview
Central Tendency
X i
XG ( X1 X 2 Xn )1/ n
X i1
n Nilai tengah Nilai yang
dari data paling
yang telah banyak
diurutkan muncul
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-4
Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean (sample mean) is the
most common measure of central tendency
X i
X1 X 2 Xn
X i1
n n
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-5
Arithmetic Mean
(continued)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mean = 3 Mean = 4
1 2 3 4 5 15 1 2 3 4 10 20
3 4
5 5 5 5
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-6
Median
In an ordered array, the median is the “middle”
number (50% above, 50% below)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Median = 3 Median = 3
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-7
Finding the Median
n 1
Median position position in the ordered data
2
If the number of values is odd, the median is the middle number
If the number of values is even, the median is the average of
the two middle numbers
n 1
Note that is not the value of the median, only the
2
position of the median in the ranked data
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-8
Mode
A measure of central tendency
Value that occurs most often
Not affected by extreme values
Used for either numerical or categorical
(nominal) data
There may be no mode
There may be several modes
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No Mode
Mode = 9
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-9
Review Example
Five houses on a hill by the beach
$2,000 K
House Prices:
$2,000,000
500,000 $500 K
300,000 $300 K
100,000
100,000
$100 K
$100 K
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-10
Review Example:
Summary Statistics
House Prices:
Mean: ($3,000,000/5)
$2,000,000 = $600,000
500,000
300,000
100,000
100,000
Median: middle value of ranked data
Sum $3,000,000
= $300,000
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-12
Geometric Mean
Geometric mean
Used to measure the rate of change of a variable
over time
XG ( X1 X 2 Xn ) 1/ n
R G [(1 R1 ) (1 R 2 ) (1 Rn )]1/ n 1
Where Ri is the rate of return in time period i
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-13
Example
Business Statistics, A First Course (4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-16
Varians/Variance
S 2 i1
n -1
Dimana X= rata-rata sampel
n = ukuran sampel
Xi = nilai ke I dari variabel X
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-17
Contoh Perhitungan:
Data
Sampel (Xi) : 10 12 14 15 17 18 18 24
n=8 Rata-rata = X = 16
i
(X X ) 2
S i1
n -1
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-19
Mengukur Variasi
Data A
Rata-rata = 15.5
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
S = 3.338
Data B
Rata-rata = 15.5
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 S = 0.926
Data C
Rata-rata = 15.5
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
S = 4.567
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-21
Koefisien Variasi
Mengukur variasi relatif
Selalu dalam bentuk persentasi (%)
Menunjukkan variasi relatif terhadap rata-rata
Digunakan untuk mengukur
kehomogenan/keheterogenan dua buah data
yang memiliki ukuran yang berbeda
S
CV 100%
X
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-22
Membandingkan Koefisien
Variasi
Saham A:
Harga rata-rata pada akhir tahun = $50
Deviasi Standar = $5
S $5
CVA 100% 100% 10%
X $50 Masing-masing
Saham B: saham memiliki
deviasi standar
Harga rata-rata pada akhir tahun = $100
yang
Deviasi Standar = $5 sama,namun
saham B kurang
berfluktuatif
S $5 terhadap harga
CVB 100% 100% 5%
X $100
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-23
Keuntungan dari Varians dan
Deviasi Standar
Setiap nilai pada data dilibatkan pada
perhitungan
XX
Z
S
Bentuk dari Distribusi
X i
X1 X 2 XN
i 1
N N
Dimana μ = rata – rata populasi
N = ukuran populasi
Xi = nilai ke I dari variabel X
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-28
Varians Populasi
σ2 i 1
N
i
(X μ) 2
σ i1
N
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-30
Hukum Empirik
Apabila distribusi data terdistribusi dengan
normal maka memiliki interval:
68%
μ
μ 1σ
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-31
Hukum Empirik
μ 2σ Mengandung kurang lebih 95% dari
nilai data pada populasi atau
sampel
μ 3σ
Mengandung kurang lebih 99.7%
dari nilai data pada populasi atau
sampel
95% 99.7%
μ 2σ μ 3σ
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-32
Teorema Chebyshev
Contoh:
25% 25% 25% 25%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3
0 23 5 27
Data menunjukkan miring kanan
Kovarians Sampel:
n
( X X)( Y Y )
i i
cov ( X , Y ) i1
n 1
Hanya berkonsentrasi dengan kuatnya hubungan
cov (X , Y)
r
SX SY
Dimana,
n n n
(X X)(Y Y)
i i (X X) i
2
(Y Y )
i
2
cov (X , Y) i1
SX i1
SY i1
n 1 n 1 n 1
Business Statistics, A First Course
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-40
Karakteristik dari Koefisien
Korelasi, r
Memiliki jarak antara –1 dan 1
Semakin mendekati -1, memiliki hubungan negatif yang
kuat
Semakin mendekati 1, memiliki hubungan positif yang
kuat
Semakin mendekati 0 memiliki hubungan yang lemah
X X X
r = -1 r = -.6 r=0
Y
Y Y
X X X
r = +1
Business Statistics, A First Course
r = +.3 r=0
(4e) © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chap 3-42
Ringkasan Pengukuran Deskriptif
Numerik