Continuous Process

Improvement
 Agenda
Introduction to Continuous Process Improvement
(CPI)
Operational Definition
Background
Why Implement CPI
Overview of selected tools
Kaizen
Lean
Six Sigma
Innovation
Summary and Take Aways
 Introduction – Key
Points

Having a customer focus as strategic objective

Understanding customers needs and wants
What adds value to customers product or service
Understanding of processes
Understanding the theory of variation
Knowing the difference between prevention and
detection
Understanding Culture - Creating culture of CPI
Applies to all processes
Involves everyone – team work
Is a on-going continuous effort
 Operational Definition

Continuous Process Improvement–

AAcomprehensive philosophy
comprehensive philosophy of
of operations
operations
that is builtthat is built
around aroundthat
the concept thethere are
concept that there
always ways in whicharea process
always canways bein
which a process
improved to bettercan
meet bethe
improved
needs of tothe
better meetand
customer thethat
needs of the customer
an organization should
and that anstrive
constantly organization should
to make those
constantly
improvements.strive to make those
improvements.
Source: DoD Continuous Process Improvement Transformation Guidebook
 Why Implement CPI?
Value added to customer – in their terms
What the Customer is willing to pay more for
Can be used for all enterprise processes - not just
manufacturing
Processes improve – variation is decreased
Prevention of defects rather than detection
Decrease in cycle times
Productivity increases
Increased reliability
Resource imbalances improved
Improved morale
Assists in achieving strategic goals
Lower costs, increased profit and market share
 Cost of Quality (CoQ)
“Quality is free but it is not a gift. What costs
money are the unquality things- all the actions
that involve not doing jobs right the first time ”
Phil Crosby

As quality increases, Cost Decreases, therefore quality is free.

Cost of
Quality
Cost of Cost of
Poor Good
Quality Quality
Internal External Appraisa Preventi
failure failure l cost on costs
costs costs
 Cost of Poor Quality “The Tip of the
Iceberg”

Rework

Scrap Repair
Reinspection

Engineering Time Management Time Supply Chain Disruption

Decreased
Schedule Delays Decreased Capacity Readiness Levels
Field Failures Loss of mission Loss of life

Decrease in the number

units procured
Possible Loss of program
Adapted from Executive Guide to Lean
Six Sigma
Photo: Judith Currelly
 History of CPI
From caveat emptor
to…

And everything in between

…Lean Six Sigma

 Craft
Production Taylor –Time
Eli Whitney
Motion
Historical
Product Development of TQM,
Studies
Standards
Six Sigma, Lean
Scientific Enterprise and
Industrial Ford-
Production Management Work Lean Six Sigma
Shewhart Analysis Simplified
Statistical
Statistical Manufacturing
Methods
Process Assembly
Control Line Manufacturing Turner
Sloan Berlin Airlift
Juran
Modern
Process
Management
Analysis Quality Organized
Control Labor- Simplified
Worker’s Service Process
Taguchi Rlights Mass
Customer Cox-Italian
Production
Focus Tractor Co.
Quality
Engineering Toyota Simplified
Ohno Toyota
Deming Product
Shingo Production
Systems
System
Thinking
TQM-Total Womack
Quality & Jones
Management Harry George & Wilson
Smith
DMAIC Lean Optimized
(Motorola)
Rigor Enterprise Complexity
Six George,
Sigma v1 Lockheed
Welch Bossidy Martin, others
Organization SixSigma Lean Six
Infrastructure v2 Sigma v1 Lean Six
Source: Lean Six Sigma: Fusion of Pan Pacific Process Sigma v2
 CPI – Not Just One Tool or Concept
C Variation
DMAI a ISO 9
Six Sigm Pull 000
Co
ntr Takt
P
Kanban an ol QFD
els izen
Andon Ka
DPMO
Our Focus Today
SIPO
C Value
an Stre
Le Map am
m da
Strea Mu
e of
Cell
u Valu For ms
k e
Man lar o
ng
ufacKaizen
FMEA
turi TQ
Lean Six Sigma
P ok
a Y
M
S ’s
5 Five
S Wh
ys
FS CPK
PDSA
D
S
Ju NSP
m s ka
e Jido st
y st ing in
S ink Contin Ti Process
Th uous t r ol m
Flow n
Co t e Capability
r
Ch a
 Overview of tools -
Kaizen
The Kaizen philosophy assumes that our
way of life—be it our working life, our
social life, or our home life deserves to be
constantly improved. Maasaki
Imai

Japanese term – “Kai”- meaning continuous

“zen”- meaning
improvement
Small scale continuous improvements
Incremental steps- addresses single problem
 Kaizen
Involves those performing the work or
directly affected by problem
Team participants
Sponsor- management provides resources,
charter- and most important ownership
5-10 members- including team lead
Wisdom of team versus knowledge of 1
Utilizes Gemba – go where work is
performed - go and see
 Kaizen
Possible applications
Bottle necks
Defects
Too many process steps
Excessive handling
Customer dissatisfaction
Simple tools- require limited training
Plan, Do, Check, Act
Process map, data – check sheets, Pareto
Root cause analysis – 5 whys
• Why did machine fail? Motor burned out
• Why did the motor burn out? Shaft seized
• Why did the shaft seize? No lubrication
• Why was there no lubrication? Filter was clogged
• Why was the filter clogged? Wrong mesh size – root cause!
 Kaizen

Standardize Improvement
Follow up
Repeat

Chart Source Lockheed Martin

 Overview of tools -
Lean
“If it doesn't add value it’s waste”
Henry Ford

Waste - anything that uses resources without providing value to the

customer
Value added – Activities that change a product or service in way
customers view as important and necessary
Non value added NVA- any activity that takes time, material, space, but
does not add value from the customers perspective
Value stream- Specific activities required to design, order, and provide
a specific product or piece of information from, concept to launch- order
to delivery into the hands of the customer
Value stream map- identification of all the specific activities occurring
along a value stream for a product or product family

It is not uncommon to find 90 to 95% of the

time consumed in
a process to be NVA when consideringSource :DoD CPI
 Lean
7 Deadly wastes + 1
1. Overproduction
2. Waiting
3.Transportation
4.Overprocessing
5.Unnecessary inventory
6.Excessive movement
7.Production of defects
+ Underutilization of
Source :DoD CPI
employees
 Lean - Japanese 5S - Lockheed’s
“6S” SERI SEITON
IDENTIFY/SEPARATE PLACEMENT/IDENTIFICATION
NECESSARY FROM OF NEEDED WORK ITEMS
UNNECESSARY SORT
STRAIGHTEN
Clearly Distinguish
Needed Items From Keep Needed Items
Unneeded Items In The Correct Place
And Eliminate To Allow For
The Latter Easy And
Red tag event SAFETY
Immediate
Identify Retrieval
Danger And
SUSTAIN Hazard SHINE
Keep The
SEISON
SHITSUKE Maintaining
Workshop MAINTAINING A
Established
NOTATIONAL METHOD Procedures Consistently Swept And
CLEAN WORK PLACE
Applying 6S Clean
FOR THE CONFORMANCE
Methods In A Uniform
TO RULES And Disciplined Manner
STANDARDIZE
The 5S starts the
involvement process
and teaches SEIKETSU
standardization. STANDARDIZATION
FOR EASE OF USE
Chart: DAU Bill Motley
ual order, visual control, transparency. (Waste will remain hidde
Lean - Managing the White
Space

Chart source : Lockheed Martin

 Tool Overview- Six
Sigma
Helps to attain Strategic Vision
Philosophy- reduce variation, make customer
focused data driven decisions
Methodology – structured problem solving
roadmap
Metric (standard of measurement)
Vehicle for:
Customer focus
Breakthrough improvement
Continuous improvement
People Involvement
 Lean Six Sigma: A Powerful
Methodology
D M A
IDefine Measure C Analyze Improve Control

What is important to The process:

the customer: Analyze Data, The process gains:
Project Selection regression analysis,
Ensure solution is
Confirm understanding DOE, Identify Root
sustained, document
w/sponsor Causes, Supply Chain
improved process, turn
optimal? Develop
Team Formation results into $
Improvement plan
Establish Goal- ROIC

How well we are doing?

understand the causes of the The process performance measures:
problem: Prioritize root causes
Est. baseline, process capability Innovate, pilot solutions
Construct Process Flow to
Validate the improvement
observe process, Collect Data ,
Validate Measurement System
 Lean Six Sigma - Tools and
Techniques
Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Benchmarking Confidence Affinity Diagram DFSS Control Charts

Intervals
FMEA Brainstorming DOE Control Plan
Measurement
IPO Diagram Cause & Effect Kanban Reaction Plan
System Analysis
Diagram
Kano’s Model Mistake Proofing Run Charts
Nominal Group
e-test
Knowledge Based Technique PF/CE/CNX/SOP Standard
Mgt F-test Operating
Pair wise Ranking Standard Work
Procedures
Project Charter Fault Tree Analysis
Physical Process Takt Time
SIPOC Model Flow FMEA
Theory of
Quality Function Process Capability Histogram Constraints
Deployment Analysis
Historical Data Total Productive
Voice of Customer Process Flow Analysis Maintenance
Diagram
Task Appraisal / Pareto Chart Visual Management
Task Summary Process
Reality Tree Work Cell Design
Observation
Value Stream
Regression 5S Workplace
Mapping Time Value Map
Analysis Organization
Value Stream
Scatter Diagram
Mapping
t-test
Waste Analysis
5 Whys
 Six Sigma

Characterize
LSL USL

TT

LSL USL

Optimize
T

LSL USL
Breakthroug
T
h
LSL’ USL’

Customer Focused - Both Internally & Externally

 Six Sigma Metric
3.4 Defects Per Million Opportunities
A very good level of quality - but how good?

Sigma DPMO
Level
2 308,770
3 66,811
4 6,210
5 233
6 3.4
Defect Levels Corresponding to Sigma Levels
 Sigma Level
Comparisons
Three Sigma Quality Six Sigma Quality
Level Level
54,000 Incorrect drug 3 Incorrect drug
prescriptions per year prescriptions every year
40,500 billing errors year 2 billing errors a year

No electricity, water, or heat No electricity, water, or

for 2 hours a month heat for 1 second every 2
Five long or short landings at One long oryears
short landing at
Heathrow each day Heathrow every 10 years
5,400 lost articles of mail per 65 lost articles of mail per
hour day

Is 99.73% Good enough Is 99.999660% Better?

for your organization?
 Innovation
Innovation is an integral component of CPI
Everyone should be encouraged to:
Be creative
Look for ideas continually
Imagine uncharted territories
Roam around the world in your mind
Visualize situations
Handle multiple variables
Prioritize a combination of variables
• Machines, materials, methods, manpower, environment
Never criticize
 Innovation
What do Bono and Tom Cruise have in
common?
They both look cool wearing sunglasses
What does that have to do with the
DoD?
Number of eye injuries on the increase-
16% of casualties are attributed to eye
injuries
What was root cause? - sand, dust,
debris from helicopters, smaller
shrapnel fragments?
What is typical age of soldier?
Issued glasses were too “ugly” – FL
seniors should be wearing
Contracted with Wiley for ballistic eye
protection
More consistent use- automatic drop in
injuries
•Innovative solution to critical problem
•5 Whys is an effective tool
•Significant reduction in overall
Injuries and…
• Injury severity
 Innovation and CPI
What can we learn from
Formula 1?
NASCAR?

Both are very efficient in their pit stops- they are

LEAN
8-14 seconds to change 4 tires, receive fuel,
make adjustments
What does that have to do with the DoD?
We are terribly inefficient in our depot and field
maintenance
 NASCAR Innovation and CPI

UH60 Blackhawk utilizes laminate windshield tear offs

M1A2 being refueled.
(Photo by Greg Stewart)

Simple solution to tactical problem- sandy, dusty environment

Replace Mylar instead of windshield, faster , <$, increased readiness

Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) used

NASCAR’s Carlson for Pit stop technology
fewer people with less training, transparency created, tools reduced
from hundreds to16 , rear cable panel moved to front panel
removal and replacement of all equipment reduced from ½ day to
<½ hour

M1 A1 design focused on ability to directly engage – doesn’t do

well keeping engaged. Reduction in maintenance and refueling
time keeps tank engaged
 CPI Summary
“Its funny how everything begins to look like a
nail when the only tool you have is a hammer”

•There are many CPI

tools
•We scratched the
surface
•Tailor tool to your need
•You must decide what
the best tool is for a
particular problem
 Summary Take Aways

Having a customer focus as strategic objective

Understanding customers needs and wants
What adds value to customers product or service
Understanding of processes
Understanding the theory of variation
Knowing the difference between prevention and
detection
Understanding Culture - Creating culture of CPI
Applies to all processes
Involves everyone – team work
Is a on-going continuous effort
 Resources

May 2006

 American Society for Quality ASQ

Six Sigma Forum
 Lockheed Martin
 Continuous Process
Improvement

Questions?
 Resources

CPI Back up Material

 Eng. DESIGN

PURCH.
ADMIN.
CPI
Methods Marketing

QA MFG.

MAINT.
Cellular Manufacturing Flow
 Six Sigma
Unlike Kaizen and Lean requires significant
investment, training
Dedicated resources
Time consuming – 2-6 Mo
Uses sophisticated tools- reliance on
statistics
Used for toughest problems- not low hanging
fruit
Capable of breakthroughs of significant
magnitude
Improves process capability and reduces
variation
Finds the sweet spot in the process operating
window
 3 Sigma Process

−3σ −2σ −1σ µ +1σ +2σ +3σ

68.26 percent

95.46 percent

99.73 percent

MM74
 6 Sigma Process

u-6σ u-5σ u-4σ u-3σ u-2σ u-1 σ s u u+1σ u+2σs u+3σ u+4σ u+5σ u+6σ
68.26%

95.44%

99.73%

99.993%

99.999943%

99.999998%
 Definition of a Value Stream
The VALUE STREAM is the entire set of processes or activities performed
to transform the products and services into what is required by the
customer.

The VALUE STREAM

Suppliers Design Procure Make Sell Customers

A Primary Focus is TIME,

Product and / or Service Flow

Information Flow: Quickly In All Directions

 The Toyota Production System

Best Quality ­ Lowest Cost ­ Shortest Lead Time ­ Best Safety ­ High Morale
through shortening the production flow by eliminating waste
Just­In­Time People & Teamwork Jidoka
“Right part, right amount, • Selection • Ringi decision making (In­station quality)
 right time”  • Common Goals • Cross­trained “Make Problems Visible”
• Takt time  • Automatic stops
planning • Andon
• Continuous flow Continuous Improvement • Person­machine 
• Pull system separation
• Quick changeover • Error proofing
• Integrated  • In­station quality 
Waste Reduction control 
logistics • Genchi Genbutsu • Eyes for Waste • Solve root cause of 
• 5 Why’s • Problem Solving problems (5 Why?)

Leveled Production (heijunka)
Stable and Standardized Processes
Visual Management
Toyota Way Philosophy
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Ford Motor Company
MISSION MISSION
Add value to customers and
society Ford is a worldwide leader in
As an American company automotive and automotive-
contribute to the economic related products and services as
growth of the community and well as in newer industries such as
the United States aerospace, communications, and
financial services.
As an independent company,
contribute to the stability and Our mission is to improve
well-being of team members continually our products and
services to meet our customer’s
needs, allowing us to prosper as a
As a Toyota group company,
business and to provide a
contribute to the overall
reasonable return to our
growth of Toyota
stockholders, the owners of our
business.