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    Analysis of Abnormal Constituents of Urine

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    Dhanalakshmi
    This document discusses tests for abnormal constituents in urine, including proteins, blood, reducing substances, ketone bodies, bile salts, and bile pigments. It outlines several chemical tests used to detect these constituents, such as sulfosalicylic acid, heat and acetic acid, orthotolidine, Benedict's, Rothera, Hay's, and Fouchet tests. Detection of proteins, blood, glucose, ketones and other substances provides information about diseases and conditions affecting the kidneys, liver, and other body systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Analysis of Abnormal Constituents of Urine

    Uploaded by

    Dhanalakshmi
    31 views20 pages
    This document discusses tests for abnormal constituents in urine, including proteins, blood, reducing substances, ketone bodies, bile salts, and bile pigments. It outlines several chemical tests used to detect these constituents, such as sulfosalicylic acid, heat and acetic acid, orthotolidine, Benedict's, Rothera, Hay's, and Fouchet tests. Detection of proteins, blood, glucose, ketones and other substances provides information about diseases and conditions affecting the kidneys, liver, and other body systems.

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    Analysis of abnormal constituents of urine

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    This document discusses tests for abnormal constituents in urine, including proteins, blood, reducing substances, ketone bodies, bile salts, and bile pigments. It outlines several chemical tests used to detect these constituents, such as sulfosalicylic acid, heat and acetic acid, orthotolidine, Benedict's, Rothera, Hay's, and Fouchet tests. Detection of proteins, blood, glucose, ketones and other substances provides information about diseases and conditions affecting the kidneys, liver, and other body systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views20 pages

    Analysis of Abnormal Constituents of Urine

    Uploaded by

    Dhanalakshmi
    This document discusses tests for abnormal constituents in urine, including proteins, blood, reducing substances, ketone bodies, bile salts, and bile pigments. It outlines several chemical tests used to detect these constituents, such as sulfosalicylic acid, heat and acetic acid, orthotolidine, Benedict's, Rothera, Hay's, and Fouchet tests. Detection of proteins, blood, glucose, ketones and other substances provides information about diseases and conditions affecting the kidneys, liver, and other body systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Abnormal constituents of

    Urine
    ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS IN URINE

    • Physical examination
    • Chemical tests
    • Proteins
    • Blood
    • Reducing substances
    • Ketone bodies
    • Bile salts
    • Bile pigments

    2
    Test for proteins
    • Sulfosalicylic acid test
    • Heat and acetic acid test
    • Normal quantity of protein in urine
    • <150 mg/day
    • Tamm horsfall protein, IgA
    • Lysozyme, light chains of Ig
    Albumin
    <30mg/day-normal
    30-300mg/day-
    microalbuminuria
    >300 mg/day-
    macroalbuminuria 3
    Test for proteins
    • Screening for microalbuminuria
    • 5 years- type1 DM
    • Type 2 DM
    • Potent marker- renal disease

    4
    Test for proteins

    PROTEINURIA

    Glomerular Tubular Overflow


    Proteinuria Proteinuria Proteinuria

    Selective Non-Selective
    Proteinuria Proteinuria

    • Orthostatic proteinuria

    5
    Test for proteins
    Selective
    proteinuria

    • Loss of negative
    charge
    • Albumin
    • Nephrotic
    syndrome

    6
    Test for proteins

    Non-Selective
    proteinuria

    • Greater damage to
    the glomerulus
    • Larger proteins
    α -2-
    macroglobulin,Igm,IgG
    • Focal segmental
    glomerulosclerosis
    • SLE

    7
    Test for proteins

    Tubular proteinuria

    Tubulointerstitial
    diseases
    PCT,Interstitium
    Ischemia
    Acute interstitial
    nephritis
    Analgesics

    8
    Test for proteins

    Overflow
    proteinuria

    Excess of LMW
    proteins like
    Hb,Myoglobin,light
    chains of
    immunoglobulins as in
    multiple myeloma

    9
    Test for blood
    • ORTHO TOLIDINE TEST
    • Haem-peroxidase like activity
    • O-tolidine-oxygen- transient dark green colour.
    • Urine-boiled-peroxidase-pus cells
    • 6 drops of freshly prepared O – tolidine
    • 2 drops of glacial acetic acid
    • 6 drops of hydrogen peroxide
    • 4 drops of urine
    • Benzidine test

    10
    Test for blood
    • Hematuria causes
    • Stones
    • Neoplasms
    • Tuberculosis
    • Trauma
    • Prostatitis
    • Hemoglobinuria
    • Severe exertion
    • Hemolytic anemia
    • Malaria
    • Mismatched blood transfusion,viper bite
    • Myoglobinuria
    11
    Test for reducing substances
    • Reducing substances
    • Glucose
    • Fructose
    • Galactose
    • Lactose
    • Pentoses - prunes, cherries, grapes

    12
    Test for reducing substances
    • Benedict test
    • Composition
    • Principle
    • False positive

    13
    Test for reducing substances
    • Uric acid
    • Ascorbic acid
    • Hippuric acid
    • Oxalic acid
    • Homogentisic acid
    • Glucuronic acid
    • Ketone bodies
    • Isoniazid
    • Salicylates
    • Creatinine
    • Cysteine
    14
    Test for ketone bodies
    • Rothera test
    • Ammonium sulphate
    • Sodium nitroprusside
    • Ammonium hydroxide
    • Gerhardt test
    • Ferric chloride
    • wine-red colour
    • Salicylate

    15
    Test for bile salts
    • Hay’s test
    • Pettenkofer test

    16
    Test for bile pigments
    • Fouchet test
    • Procedure
    • Reagent
    • Principle
    • Causes
    • GMELIN’S NITRIC ACID TEST

    17
    Urine dipsticks

    18
    Urine Dipstick

    • Glucose – glucose oxidase peroxidase – blue green color

    • Protein – tetrabromophenol blue buffered at pH 3 – yellow in

    absence of protein – blue green color


    ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS IN URINE

    • Physical examination
    • Chemical tests
    • Proteins
    • Blood
    • Reducing substances
    • Ketone bodies
    • Bile salts
    • Bile pigments

    20

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