Environmental

Impact Assessment
SCREENING and SCOPING

Presented by Group 1
 Environmental Impact Assessment
• Environmental impact assessment is much more than a means to obtaining and
environmental operating license. It aims to minimize environmental and social
impacts and if done properly, can even enhance sustainability development in the
area where large-scale infrastructure projects are being implemented.
• An environmental impact assessment is commonly described as an assessment of
the impact of planned activities on the environment including impacts on
biodiversity vegetation and ecology water and air. And EIA can be seen as process
of identifying predicting and evaluating the likely environmental socio-economic
cultural and other impacts of a proposed project or development to define
mitigation actions--not only to reduce negative impacts but also provide positive
contribution to the natural environment and well-being.
Why we conduct on EIA?

Human well-being is closely connected to environmental sustainability as a

result all Forms of human development such as building infrastructure (i.e.,
roads and pipeline mines, and tourism facilities, etc.) have an impact on the
surroundings natural environment and vice versa. This is evident when we
consider the result of large-scale development like open-pit mines hotels for
thousands of people and large hydroelectric dams that often have a reversible
impacts on the environment and the livelihood of people because of large-
scale deforestation excessive water use habitat distractions and resettlement.
 Stages in an EIA
• The EIA process aims at an assessment to inform development decisions
by mandating a consideration of project alternatives and ways to prevent,
mitigate, and control potential negative environmental and social impacts.
This generally involves a number of steps, including project screening,
scoping, assessment, impact management, EIA report development,
public participation, review, decision, and monitoring.
 SCREENING
• Often results in a categorization of the project and from
this a decision is made on whether or not a full EIA is
to be carried out.
 Key contributes of screening to a good EIA:
• Facilitates informed decision making by providing clear, well-structure,
factual analysis of the effects and consequences of proposed actions.
• Influences both project selection and policy designed by screening out
environmentally and /or socially unsound proposals, as well as modifying
feasible action.
Why do we need to conduct a screening?
• To determine whether a proposed project is likely to have significant
effects on the environment.
• An essential aspect of conducting an EIA is to determine the level of
impact of the proposed project, development or initiative.
• When we look at major development projects–especially those involving
natural resources, such as mining, hydroelectric dams, oil extraction or
tourism–we can say for a certain that they will require an environmental
and social impact assessment.
 3 Types of Projects needed to conduct or not for an EIA:
1. For high-impact projects: Projects that are likely to have significant serious adverse environmental
impacts (i.e., irreversible, affect vulnerable ethnic minorities, involved in voluntary resettlement, or
affect cultural heritage sites) and thus likely a full EIA is required:
Examples: • Dams and reservoirs forestry and production projects
• Industrial plants (large-scale)
• Irrigation, drainage, and flood control (large-scale)
• Mining and mineral development (including oil and gas)
• Port and harbour development
• Reclamation, resettlement and new land development
• Thermal and hydropower development, manufacture, transportation, and use of pesticides; and other hazardous and/or
toxic materials.
• Those in category A or 1–are Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs)
with significant potential to cause negative environmental impacts.
• Moreover, an ECA is an area delineated as environmentally sensitive such
that significant environmental impact is expected if certain types of
proposed projects or programs are located, developed or implemented in
it, which is category B or 2.
2. For project likely to have adverse environmental impacts that are less significant than those of in the
previous category: These projects likely won’t have irreversible impacts, and mitigation measures can
be designed more readily than for high-impact projects. Normally, a limited EIA will be undertaken to
identify suitable mitigation and management measures, and incorporate them into the project.

Examples:
• Agro-industries
• Electrical transmission; rural electrification
• Aquaculture, irrigation, and drainage (small scale)
• Renewable energy
• Tourism
• Rural water supply and sanitation

3. For low-impact projects–that are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts: no EIA is
required.

Examples:
• Construction of small buildings
• Community garden development
• An area is considered an Environmentally Critical Area (ECA) if it
exhibits any of the following characteristics––areas declared by law as
national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, and
sanctuaries. ECA is in category 2 or B.
 What are the approaches to screening?

• Screening is done by the project developers of the new seeing a set of

criteria determined by the responsible agency. It is important that the
screening be done as early as possible in the development of the proposal
in order for the proponent and other stakeholders to be aware of possible
EIA obligations. There are some specific methods applied to screening,
which reflect prescriptive and/or discretionary approaches.
 Two Types of Screening Approach

1. Prescriptive or standardized approaches in which development proposals that

either require or are exempt from EIA are listed in legislation and regulations, and
proponents that can often decide based on these standardized approaches; this could
include:
• Legal (or policy) definition of proposals to which EIA does or does not apply.
• Inclusion list of projects (with or without thresholds) for which an EIA is
automatically required.
• Exclusion list of activities which do not required EIA because they are insignificant
or are exempt by law. (e.g. national security or emergency activation).
2. Customized approaches in which proposals are screened on an
individual or case-by-case base, using indicative guidance with categories.
How is screening conducted?

• The screening is usually done by the self-assessment by the

project/development proponents using guidance and question forms
provided by the designated authorities. These could range from open-
ended questions–in which it is up to the proponents to create the structure
around the questions/areas provided–or the proponents are asked to fill out
a detailed form and present their activities and impacts.
 SCOPING

• The process of determining which are the most critical

issues to study and will involve community
participation to some degree.
• Identifying all relevant issues and factors, including cumulative effects,
social impacts, and health risks.

• Facilitating meaningful public engagement and review in at least two

stages of the process: once when scoping the impacts and issues to be
considered, and again during the presentation of initial findings of the
EIA, including a non-technical summary.

• Determining the appropriate time and space boundaries of that EIA.

• Identifying the important issues to be considered in an EIA, such as

setting the baseline and included alternatives.
Why do we need conduct a scoping process?
• Scoping is critical as it sets up the boundaries of the EIA, including the
project area, what to include in the EIA, and how to put the EIA together
guided by the terms of reference (TOR). An EIA is an intensive process in
terms of cost, cross–sectoral expertise and assessments that must be
completed, and types and extent of the consultations that must be
conducted.
• Thus, scoping helps to select what is needed and what is not relevant, and
thus it serves as a work plan for the entire EIA process.
TOR for an EIA
• Likely environmental impacts
• Environmental components that needs further study,
• Determine the general approach and methodology required to carry out
the EIA study,
• Affected interested parties to be consulted in carrying out EIA, and
• Identify the need to fit the outputs of EIA into the project context
especially on environmental management plan.
The Key Approaches to Scoping:

• Determining the key aspects and criteria for evaluating the

significance of environmental and socioeconomic impacts.
• Public consultant
• Selecting appropriate baseline
• Defining alternatives
• Terms of reference
How is scoping conducted?
• Set up the team of experts that will
conduct the EIA. • Define a set of criteria to assess the
• Describe the project area and the area of planned project/development.
the project influence. • Identify the project impacts, during its
• Outline project alternatives for all stages, list the significant and non-
preparation, implementation, closure. significant impacts and explain why.
• Conduct public meetings and stakeholder
consultations; integrate comments and • Identify a set of data for baseline
collected feedback into project planning descriptions and potential additional
and the alternatives. data collection needs.
• Outline a set of environmental, biological • Start inserting this information in the
and socioeconomic resources and issues
that will be addressed in the assessment.
appropriate section of the TOR.
Stakeholders in EIA process: