DET1013 - ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 2:
DC Equivalent Circuit
& Network Theorem

AUTHORS:
AMINAH BINTI OTHMAN
JA’AFAR BIN SURADI
JUNAIDA BINTI SHAARI
ZULKURNAIN BIN ABDUL HAMID
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Apply the concept and principles of DC electrical
circuit using different method and approach. (C3,
PLO1)
2. Solve DC circuit problems using appropriate DC
electrical laws and theorems. (C3, PLO2)
3. Conduct the laboratory activities of DC electrical
circuit using appropriate electrical equipment.
(P4, PLO5)
4. Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete
assigned task during practical work sessions. (A3,
PLO11)
 TOPIC TITLE (RTA)
CHAPTER TITLE RTA
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC 08:12
CIRCUIT
2.0 DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND 08:10
NETWORK THEOREMS
3.0 CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE 05:00
4.0 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE 05:04
5.0 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, 04:04
ELECTROMAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)
2.1 Understand methods of analysis for resistive circuit.
2.1.1 Differentiate between nodes and mesh.
2.1.2 Explain steps to solve circuit problems using nodes and

mesh.

2.2 Apply nodes and mesh analysis for resistive circuit.

2.2.1 Construct circuit to explain nodes and mesh.
2.2.2 Solve circuit problems using nodes and mesh.

2.3 Understand Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchoff’s Voltage Law.

2.3.1 Explain Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law.
 NODES

1. A node is the point of b

connection between a
two or more branches
2. A node usually
indicated by a dot in a
circuit.
3. The circuit in given
figure has three nodes c
a, b, c
 MESH
1. A mesh is a
simplest possible a
b c
closed path.
2. In given figure, path
abefa and bcdeb Mesh 1 Mesh 2
are meshes, but
path abcdefa is not
a mesh
f e d
3. The current through
a mesh is known as
mesh current
 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): At any junction
in an electric circuit the total current flowing
towards a node is equal to the total current
flowing away from the node.

∑ Iin = ∑ I out
I1+I2=I3+I4+I5
or
I1+12-I3-I4-I5=0
 KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): in

any mesh in a network, the
algebraic sum of the voltage drops
taken around the mesh is equal to
the resultant e.m.f acting in that
mesh.
=
KIRCHHOFF’s VOLTAGE LAW
I

E1-E2 = IR2+IR3+IR1
 Example 2.1
DETERMINE the current flowing through 8 kΩ resistor in
the diagram by using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). [C4] -
CLO2

Answer:

2.01m = 126µ + 379µ + I

I = 2.01m - 126µ - 379µ
∴I = 1.505mA
 Example 2.2
DETERMINE the voltage drop at resistor R1 in
diagram as below by using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(KVL).

Answer:
=

12 - 5 = VR +1.472+2.208
+525.394m+1.667
VR = 7 – 5.872
∴VR = 1.128 V
 SELF-EXERCISE
Find the unknown currents

Answer:

I1=30A;

I2=35A ;
I3=-
90A;

I4=105A
 SELF-EXERCISE
Determine the value of E

E ANSWER
= 5V
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)

2.4 Apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage

Law in a DC circuit.
2.4.1 Draw circuit diagram to explain Kirchhoff’s Law.
2.4.2 Solve unknown currents and voltages in a circuit.
USING KCL AND KVL TO SOLVE UNKNOWN
CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT

1. Apply Kirchhoff Current Law at determine

node.

2. Write the KCL Equation ∑ I in = ∑ I out

3. Write the KVL equation to each mesh.

4. Solved the unknown current or voltage by

using simultaneously equation.
 Example 2.3
Calculate I1 I2 and I3 using KVL and KCL method
 Example 2.3
1. Write KCL equation at node A

I1 = I2 + I3

2. Write KVL for loop @ mesh 1

4 I3 + 2 I1 = 4V

3. Write KVL for loop @ mesh 2

Answer: I1 = 0.71 A
1 I2 – 4 I3 = – 4V

I2 = 0.17A
4. Using Simultenous Equation solve for I1 I2
and I3.
I3 = 0.54 A
 SELF-EXERCISE
1) Calculate currents flow throughout the whole
circuit by using Kirchhoff’ Law

=ANSWER
1.276 A

70Ω =ANSWER
0.414 A

=ANSWER
0.862 A
 SELF-EXERCISE
2) Calculate currents by using Kirchhoff’ Law

=ANSWER
1.647 mA
IA =ANSWER
1.471 mA

= -ANSWER
0.176 mA
 SELF-EXERCISE
3) Calculate currents by using Kirchhoff’ Law

= - 11.818 mA
ANSWER
= - 19.091 mA
ANSWER
= - 7.273 mA
ANSWER
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hours)
2.5 Understand Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.1 Explain Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Thevenin’s
Theorem.
2.5.3 Calculate the Thevenin’s voltage () and resistance ().

2.6 Apply Thevenin’s Theorem to simplify a circuit for analysis.

2.6.1 Construct the Equivalent Thevenin’s Circuit.
2.6.2 Solve the circuit problems using Thevenin’s Theorem.
 Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s theorem state that a two linear terminal can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting a voltage source
connected in series with resistor where is the open circuit
voltage at terminal and is the input equivalent resistance at
terminal when the independent source are turn off.
 Thevenin’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single voltage source with a series resistance

R1
Thevenin’s Voltage, VTH is
R2
A
the open circuit voltage
+ at terminal A-B

VTH
E R3

-
B
 Thevenin’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single voltage source with a series resistance

R1 R2
A
+

Thevenin’s Resistance, RTH is the

E R3 RTH
resistance seen at A-B with all
voltage sources are replaced by
- short circuits and all current
B sources are replaced by open
circuits.
Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

RTH

VTH

B
To determine the current in any branch of
an active network:
Step 1 : Remove the resistance R from the branch.
Step 2 : Determine the open-circuit voltage , Voltage
across the break ().
Step 3 : Remove each source of e.m.f and replace
them by their internal resistance (if exist)
and then determine the resistance (),
‘looking-in’ the break
Step 4 : Determine the value of the current from the

equivalent circuit
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

QUESTION: Calculate the value of current that flows through resistor RL ?

 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL A

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A

E R2 VTH

Step 2: Determine Thevenin’s Voltage, VTH. (VTH is the open circuit voltage across A-B)

For this case:

VTH = VR2 = x E
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RTH
B

Step 3: Determine Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance, RTH (RTH is total resistance as seen
from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit.
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RTH
B

Step 3: Determine Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance, RTH (RTH is total resistance as seen
from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit.
For this case:
RTH =
 How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH A

VTH

B
Step 4: Draw Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit.
 How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH A

VTH
RL

B
Step 5: Connect RL back to the circuit
 How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH
IL

VTH
RL

Step 6: Finally, determine the value of current (IL) flows through RL

For this case:

IL = ITH =
 Example 2.4

Calculate current IL using Thevenin’s Theorem

100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω

Remove
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω VTH

Calculate :

VTH = V220 = x 12 = 8.25 V

 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
E 100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω VTH

-
RTH
E’ B

Calculate :

RTH = + 100 = 168.75 Ω

 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
RTH A

VTH
RL
150Ω

B
Draw Thevenin circuit and place back RL
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
168.75 Ω
IL

8.25V RL
150Ω

Calculate current IL :

IL = ITH = = 25.882 mA
 Example 2.5
Calculate current IL using Thevenin’s Theorem

100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V

Remove
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
𝐼𝑆 100 A 100Ω
+ -
+ +

12V VTH 9V

- -
B

Calculate :

= = 15 mA = 12 – (100 x 15m)
= 10.5 V
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
100 A 100Ω

12V RTH 9V

Calculate :

RTH = = 50 Ω
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
RTH A

VTH
RL
220Ω

B
Draw Thevenin circuit and place back RL
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
50 Ω
IL

10.5 V RL
220Ω

Calculate current IL :

IL = ITH = = 38.889 mA
 Example 2.6

Use Thevenin ‘s Theorem to find the current flowing

in 10Ω resistor for the circuit shown below.
STEP 1: Remove load
STEP 1: Remove load
 STEP 2: Calculate
1. Re draw circuit at step 1
2. Determine the open-circuit voltage ,
Voltage across the break (VTH).

VTH

Using voltage divider concept

VTH = 10 x 8
(2 + 8)
= 80 / 10
= 8V
 STEP 3: Calculate
1. Re draw circuit at step 1
If in the circuit consist of voltage supply short circuit it.
If in the circuit consist of current source open circuit it.
2. Determine the resistance (), ‘looking-in’ the break
STEP 3: Calculate
1. Redraw circuit at step 1
If in the circuit consist of voltage supply short circuit it.
If in the circuit consist of current source open circuit it.
2. Determine the resistance (), ‘looking-in’ the break

= [ ( 2//8) + 5 ]

𝑅 𝑇𝐻 = [ (2x8) / (2+8) + 5 ]

= [ (16/10) + 5 ]

= [ 1.6 + 5 ]

= 6.6 ῼ
STEP 4 : Draw Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Draw series with

𝑅 𝑇𝐻
𝑉 𝑇𝐻
 STEP 5: Calculate IL

1. Insert to the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

2. Calculate using formula
= /(+)

𝑅 𝑇𝐻
10ῼ = /(+)
𝑉 𝑇𝐻
= 8 / ( 6.6 + 10 )

= 8 / (16.6)

= 0.48 A
 SELF-EXERCISE
1) Calculate currents by using Thevenin’s Theorem

30kΩ A

60kΩ
= 70 V
ANSWER

100 V IL 70kΩ = 21 kΩ
RL ANSWER
30kΩ
= ANSWER
630.63 µA
B

R2
 SELF-EXERCISE
2) Use Thevenin’s Theorem to determine the current
flowing in the 4Ω resistor shown in figure above. Find also
the power dissipated in the 4Ω resistor.

Answers:

Vth= 2.667V

Rth= 1.667Ω

I= 0.571A

P= 1.304Watt
 SELF-EXERCISE
3) By using Thevenin Theorem find IL
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hours)
2.7 Understand Norton’s Theorem.
2.7.1 Explain Norton’s Theorem.
2.7.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Norton’s
Theorem.
2.7.3 Calculate the Norton’s current () and resistance ()

2.8 Apply Norton’s Theorem to simplify a circuit.

2.8.1 Construct the Equivalent Norton’s Circuit.
2.8.2 Solve the circuit problems using Norton’s Theorem..
2.8.3 Change Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit to Norton’s
Equivalent Circuit
Norton’s Theorem
• Norton’s Theorem states that a
linear two-terminal circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting a current source, IN in
parallel with resistor RN ,where In is
the short-circuit current through
the terminals and RN is the input or
equivalent resistance at the
terminal when the independent
source are turned off
 Norton’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single current source with a parallel resistance.

R1 R2
A

Norton’s Current, IN is the

short circuit current that flows
IN
E R3 across A-B

B
 Norton’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single current source with a parallel resistance.

R1 R2
A
Norton’s Resistance, RN is the
resistance seen at A-B with all
voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits and all current
R3 RN
E sources are replaced by open
circuits. Same with RTH

B
Norton Equivalent Circuit
A

IN RN

B
To determine the current flowing in a resistance:
a) Remove load and short-circuit the open
terminal.
b) Determine the short-circuit current Isc flowing
in the branch (Isc=IN)
c) Remove and replace all voltage sources with
short circuit then determine the resistance RN
by ‘looking-in’ at a break made between the
load open terminal.
d) Determine the current IL flowing in resistance
RL from the Norton equivalent network
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

QUESTION: Calculate the value of current that flows through resistor RL ?

 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL A

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 A

E R2 IN

Step 2: Determine Norton’s Current, IN by shorting the terminal A-B (IN is the short
circuit current across A-B)

For this case:

IN = ISC =
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RN
B

Step 3: Determine Norton’s Equivalent Resistance, RN (RN is total resistance as seen

from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit. Exactly same with RTH
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RN
B

Step 3: Determine Norton’s Equivalent Resistance, RN (RN is total resistance as seen

from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit. Exactly same with RTH

For this case:

RN =
 How to Nortonize a circuit
A

IN RN

B
Step 4: Draw Norton’s Equivalent Circuit.
 How to Nortonize a circuit
A

IN RN RL

Step 5: Connect RL back to the circuit

 How to Nortonize a circuit

IL

IN RN RL

Step 6: Finally, determine the value of current (IL) flows through RL

For this case:

IL = x IN
 Example 2.7

Calculate current IL using Norton’s Theorem

100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω

Remove
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
𝐼𝑆 100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω IN

B
Calculate :

RTotal = + 100 = 168.75 Ω = = 71.111 mA

IN = ISC = x 71.111m = 48.889 mA

 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
E 100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω

RN
E’ B

Calculate :

RN = + 100 = 168.75 Ω
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
A

RL
IN RN 150Ω

B
Draw Norton circuit and place back RL
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)

IL
RL
48.889 mA 168.75Ω 150Ω

Calculate current IL (Use CDR):

IL = X 48.889m = 25.882 mA
 Example 2.8

Calculate current IL using Norton’s Theorem

100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V

Remove
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
𝐼𝑆1 100 A 100Ω 𝐼𝑆2

12V IN 9V

B
Calculate :

= = 120 mA = = 90 mA

= = 120m + 90m = 210 mA

 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
100 A 100Ω

12V RN 9V

Calculate :

RN = = 50 Ω
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
A

RL
IN RN 220Ω

B
Draw Norton circuit and place back RL
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)

IL
RL
210 mA 50Ω 220Ω

Calculate current IL (Use CDR):

IL = X 210m = 38.889 mA
 Example 2.9

Use Norton ‘s theorem to find the current

flowing in 10Ω resistor for the circuit
shown below.
STEP 1: Remove load
 STEP 2: Calculate
1. Redraw circuit at step 1
2. Determine the short-circuit current ,
Current short circuit across the break ().
Calculate

1. Calculate

RT = ( 8//5) +2= (40/13) + 2 = 5.08 ῼ

2. Calculate
IN
IT = E/RT = 10/5.08= 1.97A

3, Calculate using current divider

IN = ( IT x 8) / (8 + 5)) = (1.97 x 8) / (13)

= 1.21 A
 STEP 3: Calculate RN
1. Re draw circuit at step 1
If in the circuit consist of voltage supply short circuit it.
If in the circuit consist of current source open circuit it.
2. Determine the resistance (RN), ‘looking-in’ the break

RN = [ ( 2//8) + 5 ]

= [ (2x8) / (2+8) + 5 ]

= [ (16/10) + 5 ]

= [ 1.6 + 5 ]

= 6.6 ῼ
STEP 4 : Draw Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

Draw IN parallel with RN

IN =
1.21A RN =
6.6ῼ
 STEP 5: Calculate IL

1. Insert RL to the Norton equivalent circuit

2. Calculate IL using formula ( current divider rule)

IL = ( IN x RN ) / ( RN + RL)

IL = ( IN x RN ) / ( RN + RL)

IN = RL
= ( 1.21 x 6.6 ) / (6.6 + 10)
1.21A RN = =10ῼ
6.6ῼ
= ( 7.98 ) / (16.6)

= 0.48 A
 SELF-EXERCISE
Calculate currents by using Norton’s Theorem

30kΩ A

60kΩ
=ANSWER
3.333 mA

100 V IL ANSWER
= 21 kΩ
70kΩ
30kΩ
=ANSWER
630.63 µA
B

R2
 Self-Exercise
Determine the current in the 5Ω resistance in the network
shown in figure below:

Answer:
== 2A
= 0.4Ω
= 0.148A
Thevenin – Norton Transformation
RTH A A

VTH
IN RN

B B
Thevenin – Norton Norton - Thevenin

= =

= =
 Example 2.10
Convert Norton’s Equivalent to Thevenin’s Equivalent

= = = 6.6ῼ
IN =
6.6ῼ
1.21A
= 7.98 V

To find To find

= x = 1.21 x 6.6 = 7.98 V = = 6.6ῼ

 Example 2.11
Convert Thevenin’s Equivalent to Norton’’s Equivalent

RTH = 6.6ῼ
IN = RN = VTH
1.21 A 6.6ῼ 7.98V

To find IN
To find
= / = 7.98 /6.6 = 1.21A
= = 6.6ῼ
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)
2.9 Understand Superposition Theorem.
2.9.1 Explain Superposition Theorem.
2.9.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Superposition Theorem.

2.10 Understand Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

2.10.1 Explain Maximum Transfer Theorem.
2.10.2 Explain the following:
a. The maximum power transfer based on circuit diagram.
b. The power versus load resistance graph.

2.11 Apply the understanding of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

2.11.1 Calculate the load needed for maximum power transfer to a circuit.
2.11.2 Solve circuit problems related to Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem.
 Superposition Theorem
• The Superposition Theorem allow us to
determine the effect of several energy
sources acting simultaneously on a system by
analyzing the effect of each source acting
alone and then combining those effects.
• To determine the current through or voltage
across any component of a multisource
circuit, compute the current or voltage due
to each source acting alone.
 Procedure to Superposition
• Each such computation requires we remove all
sources except one :
– Replace voltage sources by short circuit
– Replace current sources by open circuit.

Step 1 : Select any one source in the circuit and

remove all others.
Step 2 : Label and compute currents in each branch
with only one source present as in step 1
 Procedure to Superposition
Step 3: Repeat step 1 and 2 by selecting
another source and removing others..
Continue until all currents of every
sources in the circuit are labeled and
computed.
Step 4 : Determine the algebraic sum of the
currents flowing in each branch by
superimposing them with the reference.
 Example 2.11
Figure below shows a circuit containing two source of
e.m.f each with their internal resistance. Determine the
current in each branch of the network by using the
superposition theorem
Step1 : 4V ON 2V OFF Step1 : 2V ON 4V OFF
(Replacing by short circuit ) (Replacing by short circuit )
’ ’ ’’ ’’
’ ’’

Ia = Ia’ - Ia’’ Ic = Ic’ - Ic’’

Ib = Ib’ + Ib’’

Answer:

Ia= 0.858A Ib= 0.572A Ic= 0.286A

 Maximum Power Transfer
Maximum Power is transferred to the load whenever
load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance.

=
𝑅 𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝐿
VTH
=
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
IL +
ri 40Ω

VL RL

12V
-

RL 20Ω 30Ω 40Ω 50Ω 60Ω

IL = 0.200 A 0.171 A 0.150 A 0.133 A 0.120 A

VL = IL x RL 4V 5.13 V 6V 6.65 V 7.2 V

PS = IL x 12 2.4 V 2.052 W 1.8 W 1.596 W 1.44 W

PL= x RL 0.8 W 0.877 W 0.9 W 0.884 W 0.864 W
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Load Power vs Load Resistance
0.92

0.9

0.88

0.86
Load Power (W)

0.84

0.82

0.8

0.78

0.76

0.74
20 ohm 30 ohm 40 ohm 50 ohm 60 ohm

Load Resistance (ohm)

Power Transfer
 Maximum Power Transfer

In general we will use procedure to get

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit to use in
Maximum power Transfer Theorem.
 Example 2.12

Calculate the maximum power transfer, if the basic

Thevenin equivalent circuit is = 12 V and = 3.6 Ω

Max. Power Transfer occurs when =

Current through load, = = = 1.667 A

Max. Power Transfer, =x = x 3.6 = 10.004 W

 SELF-EXERCISE
The maximum power dissipated in a 4Ω resistor is
100W when connected to a D.C. supply, and internal
resistance, r. Calculate
a) The current in the load
b) Internal resistance, r
c) Supplied voltage,

IANSWER
= 5A

RANSWER
= 4Ω

= 40V
ANSWER
 RECAP
To solve unknow n current and unknown voltage we
can use different techniques that we had learn in this
topic.
-Kirchhoff Voltage Law and Kirchhoff Current Law
-Thevenin’s Theorem
-Norton’s Theorem
-Superposition Theorem
- We can apply Thevenin’s Theorem to get Power
Maximum Transfer in a circuit.