Lesson 4 - ANTHROPOLOGY

Disciplines and ideas in the
social sciences
Humanities & Social Sci-
ences
Activity 2:
Thinking
Out Loud
What do you think is
the difference of the
culture in the past and
present?
Lesson 4:
ANTHRO-
POLOGY
ANTHROPOL-
OGY
The study of humans and
their cultures in the past
and present time.
Two Broad Fields
of Anthropology
PHYSICAL ANTHRO-
POLOGY
Also called biological anthropology, studies
the biological evolution of man. It also provides
explanations on the reason behind the bio-
logical variations among contemporary human popu-
lation.
CULTURAL ANTHRO-
POLOGY
Investigates and seeks to understand the cultural fea-
tures of societies. Cultural anthropology is further
divided into three sub-branches: Archaeology,
Anthropological linguistics, and Ethnol-
ogy.
CULTURAL ANTHRO-
POLOGY
Archeology
The study of earlier cultures and
ways of life by way of retrieving
and examining the material remains of previous
societies.
CULTURAL ANTHRO-
POLOGY
Anthropological Linguistics
Involves the study of language in
societies or communities where
language may or may not be written.
CULTURAL ANTHRO-
POLOGYEthnology
Study marriage customs, kinship patterns,
economic systems, and religious rites of
cultural groups, and compare it with the
way of life of contemporary societies.
Physical
Anthropology
Biological Evolution
It is based on the theory of evolution by Charles Dar-
win (regarding the changes among plants, fossil ani-
mals, and different breeds of pigeons) he concluded
that each species was not created at one time in a
fixed form.
Hominid
Hominid is the general term used by
scientists to categorize the group of early humans and
other humanlike creatures that can walk erect during the
prehistoric times.
Hominid
There are four categories of Hominids
(Australopithecus, Sahelanthropus,
Ardipithecus, and Homo)
Four Categories
of Hominids
Four Categories of Hominids
Sahelanthropus
It is one of the oldest known species of human
family tree. This species lived between 7-6
million years ago in West-Central
Africa (Chad)
Sahelanthropus
• Both apelike and humanlike
characteristics
• Brain sized (320-380 cc)
• Small canine teeth
• Upright
Ardipithecus
“Ape on the ground”. They lived in Eastern
Africa (Ethiopia) sometime in 4.4 million
years ago.
Ardipithecus
• Height about 4 feet
• Weight about 120 pounds
• Skull size similar to ape
• Small brain
• Bipedal
• Lived in the jungles and forests
Australopithecus
“Southern Ape”. They lived in the African
Jungle from 5 million to 1 million years
ago.
Australopithecus
• Brain weight of 500 cc or al-
most 1/3 of the size of the mod-
ern human.
• Upright
• Bipedal
Australopithecus
• Tool users only and not tool
makers
• Used sticks and stones for
digging
• Lived in a small social
group
Homo Habilis
“Handy Man”, ability to produce tools. They lived
in Eastern and Southern Africa during 2.4 – 1.4 mil-
lion years ago.
Homo Habilis
• Height 3 to 4 feet
• Brain size: 700 cc
• Oldowan – which were used as cutting
tools and made from volcanic stones
Homo Erectus
“Upright Man”. They lived in
Northern, Eastern and Southern
Africa during 1.89 million – 110, 000
years ago.
Homo Erectus
• Brain size: 1,000 cc or about
2/3 of the modern human
• Height 5 feet
• Upright
Homo Sapiens
“Thinking Man”. They are considered modern
humans. They evolve in Africa, and
about 300,000 years ago.
Homo Sapiens
• Large brain size: 1,400 cc
• Lived in shelters
• Food gatherers
• Ate plants and fruits
• Hunted animals
Cultural
Anthropology
SOCIETY
Organized group of people who
share a common territory,
culture and who act together for
survival and well-being.
SOCIETY
According to Gerhard Lenski,
societies are of different types
and their types depend on their level of
development.
Types of Societies
01
Hunting & Gathering
Hunting & Gathering Society
In this society, the people are nomadic. They do not
establish permanent houses because they constantly
move as they
consume the resources of their current environ-
ment.
In this society people survives by
hunting and gathering their food. Men are
usually the hunters and
women are the gatherers.
In this society, the domestication of fire is consid-
ered the greatest achievement of human beings in
this period.
02
Pastoral Society
Pastoral Society
This society is describe as

Semi-sedentary because the
people do not frequently move from one
place to another.
Pastoral Society
In this society, the people started
domesticating animals. Men are
assigned to herd the larger stocks
like cattle; and women took care
of smaller stocks, like goat.
03
Horticultural Society
This society is describe as

Semi-sedentary because the
people do not frequently move from one
place to another.
In this society, men are usually involved in clearing
the land to be tilled, while women are responsible
for taking care of the fruits and vegetables---from
planting to tending, & to harvesting.
04
Agricultural Society
In this society, the people

settled permanently and
improved the technology
for farming.
In this society, the people invented new materials
and methods for cultivating plants and animals
such as the
invention of plow, wheel, and the use
of animals for different purposes.
05
Industrial Society
Industrial Society
In this society, the people moved

from agricultural lands to the cities
for work and opportunity. Also, in
this society capitalism already existed.
Industrial Society
In this society, there were three
technological advancement: (1) advancement in water
transportation; (2) advancement in agricultural techniques
and practices;
(3) establishment of the printing press.
06
Post-Industrial Society
Post-Industrial Society
This society is considered as knowledge
and service-oriented. Service sector
provides intangible goods ranges from
entertainment to education, healthcare
to information technology, and banking
to telecommunications.
Disciplines and ideas in the
social sciences
Humanities & Social Sci-
ences

Lesson 4 - ANTHROPOLOGY

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 4 - ANTHROPOLOGY

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lesson 4 - ANTHROPOLOGY

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Disciplines and ideas in the

This society is describe as

This society is describe as

In this society, the people

In this society, the people moved

You might also like