CHME 222 - Lecture 6

INORGANIC AND ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY
FALL 2023
LECTURE 6
QUIZ 1
MONDAY SEPTEMBER 4, 2023
DURING CLASSTIME
LECTURES 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
TUTORIALS 1, 2, 3
ATOMIC NOTATION
Atomic number
2
He
the number of protons in an atom
Atomic mass
the number of protons and
4
neutrons in an atom
number of electrons = number of protons

REMEMBER
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = number of protons in nucleus

ATOMIC MASS (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
ISOTOPES are atoms of the same element (X) with different numbers
of neutrons in the nucleus
Atomic Number Z
AX
Element Symbol
Atomic Mass
1 1 1
1H 2H (D) 3H (T)
92 92
235 U 238 U
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Two isotopes of sodium
HISTORY OF THE ATOM
1913 Niels Bohr
He studied under Rutherford at the Victoria

University in Manchester.
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding that

the electrons were in orbits. Rather like
planets orbiting the sun. With each orbit only
able to contain a set number of electrons.
MULTIELECTRON ATOMS
Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1913)
Ground and Excited States
• In the Bohr model of hydrogen, the lowest
amount of energy the electron can have is in
the n = 1 orbit. We call this its ground state.
• When the atom gains energy, the electron leaps
to a higher energy orbit. We call this an
excited state.
• The atom is less stable in an excited state and
so it will release the extra energy to return to
the ground state either all at once or in several
steps.
1. e- can have only specific
(quantized) energy values
2. light is emitted as e- moves
from one energy level to a
lower energy level
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
n (principal quantum number) = 1,2,3,…

RH (Rydberg constant) = 2.18 x 10-18J
Nature of Light - Wavelength
• The light is a form of electromagnetic radiation
• It is composed of perpendicular oscillating waves, one
for the electric field and one for the magnetic field
• an electric field is a region where an electrically
charged particle experiences a force
• a magnetic field is a region where a magnetized
particle experiences a force (click)
• All electromagnetic waves move through space at the

same, constant speed
3.00 x 108 m/s in a vacuum = the speed of light, c
Characterizing Waves
• Amplitude is the height of the wave

– the distance from node to crest
– measure of how intense the light is – the larger the
amplitude, the brighter the light
• Wavelength (l)  distance covered by the wave

– the distance from one crest to the next
• Frequency (n)  # of waves that pass a point in a
given period of time
– the number of waves = number of cycles
– units are hertz, (Hz) or cycles/s = s–1
• 1 Hz = 1 s–1
• Total energy is proportional to the amplitude and
frequency of the waves
• For waves traveling at the same speed, the shorter the
wavelength, the more frequent they pass
• This means that the wavelength and frequency of
electromagnetic waves are inversely proportional
Relationship: Wavelength and Frequency
Since the speed of light is constant, if we know the

wavelength, we can find the frequency and vice versa
h = 6.626×10−34 J⋅s
h is Planck’s constant
Example
Calculate the wavelength of light with a frequency of 4.62 ×
1014 s–1, what color is this light?
Given: n = 4.62 x 10 s
14 -1
Find: l (in units of nm)

Solve:
Amplitude and Wavelength
Different wavelengths Different amplitudes
Different colors Different brightness

Electromagnetic Spectrum
and Visible light
Interference
• Interaction between waves is called interference
• When waves interact so that they add to make a
larger wave it is called constructive interference
• when waves interact so they cancel each other it is

called destructive interference
Emission of energy in different atoms
H2 He Li Na K
A prism splits white light
H2
Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms
Every element has a unique emission spectrum

The Bohr Model of the Atom:
Hydrogen Spectrum
• The closer the orbits

are in energy, the
lower the energy of
the photon emitted
• The lower energy of
photon results in
longer wavelength
Bohr showed that the energy a
H atom can have is equal to:
1
En = -RH ( )
n2
Ephoton = DE = Ei - Ef
1
Ef = -RH ( 2 )
visible
nf
transitions 1
Ei = -RH ( 2 )
ni
1 1
DE = RH( 2 )
nf n2i
RH is the Rydberg constant Ei initial energy state
n is the principal quantum number Ef final energy state
Example
If an electron makes a transition from n = 3 to n = 2 in a

hydrogen atom, determine the wavelength in nanometers
of the light emitted.
Rydberg Constant = 1.097 x 107 m-1
λ = 1/[ RH · (1/(n2)² - 1/(n3)²) ]

= 1 / [ 1.097×107 m-1 · (1/2² - 1/3²) ]
= 656 nm
The sun
Absorption spectrum
Hydrogen
Emission spectrum
Helium
Emission spectrum
Mercury
Emission spectrum
Uranium
Emission spectrum
LIGHT EMISSION OF SODIUM ATOM
Line spectrum
Emission spectrum
Absorption spectrum

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INORGANIC AND ANALYTICAL

number of electrons = number of protons

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) = number of protons in nucleus

1913 Niels Bohr

He studied under Rutherford at the Victoria

Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding that

n (principal quantum number) = 1,2,3,…

• All electromagnetic waves move through space at the

• Amplitude is the height of the wave

• Wavelength (l)  distance covered by the wave

Since the speed of light is constant, if we know the

Find: l (in units of nm)

Different colors Different brightness

• when waves interact so they cancel each other it is

Line Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Atoms

Every element has a unique emission spectrum

• The closer the orbits

If an electron makes a transition from n = 3 to n = 2 in a

Rydberg Constant = 1.097 x 107 m-1

λ = 1/[ RH · (1/(n2)² - 1/(n3)²) ]

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