Section One

Review of
Vibration Basics

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Objectives

• Review :
– Describe fundamentals of vibration theory
covered in basic vibration courses.
– Application as a foundation for later
discussion on theory and faults.

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Fundamentals of Theory

• Definition :
– Vibration is the movement of a body about
a reference position.
• Vibration occurs as a result of an excitation
force that causes the motion
• This exciting force may be random or periodic.

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Fundamentals of Theory

K=Spring (Restoring Force)

K M=Mass
Ft=Forcing Function

M
CL

 ²U b
FT =
g

Vibration continues while the forcing function exists.

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Fundamentals of Theory

K= Spring (Restoring Force

C= Damping Constant
M= Mass
K C
Ft= Forcing Function

M
CL

 ²U b
F T =
g

Damping adds resistance to the motion.

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System Damping Examples
Light Damping

Moderate Damping

Heavy Damping

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Vibration Transducers
Settle Time

M O D E L 2 1 15
M A C H IN E R Y A N A L Y Z E R

CC o Sm ipu t a t i o n a l S y s t em s In c o rp o ra t e d

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Transducers

• Function
– Convert mechanical Vibration to a voltage
signal send data to the analyzer / collector.
• Three basic types
– Displacement Probes
– Velocity Probes
– Accelerometers

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Displacement Probes

• Non-contact
• Measure relative motion
• Usually permanent
• Freq. range - DC - 1KHz

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 Displacement Probes

Displacement probes act much like a transformer.

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Seismic Velocity Probes

• Magnet on a coil
• Measures velocity
• Self powered
• No external power needed
• Freq. range - 10Hz to 2KHz

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 Seismic Velocity Probes

Connection
Conductor Coil
Spring
Case
Magnet
Damper
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Accelerometers

• Various types
• Piezoelectric most common
• Crystal emits voltage when stressed
• Wide range of freq. ranges
• Some convert to velocity

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 Accelerometers
Settle Time

Supply Voltage

20 - 30 Vdc
to signal analyzer
@
2-8mA
C.C.
Bias Voltage
10.5 Vdc

Amplifier

Preloaded
Ref. Mass
Mica Insulator
Conductive Plate
Piezoelectric Crystal
Base
Electrical Insulator

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Mounting

• Mounting Resonance
• Occur more often in higher freq. ranges
• Affected by attachment method
• Stud mount is best
• Moves the resonance above frequency
range of interest
• Selection is critical

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Amplitude Units
The Figure below show the relationship of these three types of units.

0 to Peak

V
R.M.S.

A
Average
Amplitude

Peak to Peak

Time D

Period is Time “T”

360° = One (1) Shaft Revolution
-
(D)isplacement Mils Peak-to-Peak
(V)elocity In/Sec Peak
(A)cceleration G’s RMS
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2120 Lab - Analyze/Monitor Mode

– Connect the 2120 to the communications cable.

– Start MasterTrend
– Open Database INTMDVIB.DAT
– Use the Analyzer communications to download a
route from the station DIAGNOSTIC LAB 1
named INT. VIB EXMPL.
– Connect the lab signal “X” to the 628 adapter “A”
channel. Flip the toggle switch down to volts. In
this lab the lab provides power.

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Time / Frequency

0 to Peak
R.M.S.

Average
Amplitude

Peak to Peak

Time

Period is Time “T”

360° = One (1) Shaft Revolution
-
Period is Time (T)
360 degrees = 1 shaft rev.
(time from A to E = 1 event)
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Time Units
Beginning of cycle End of cycle

Delta Time =
.07031 sec To convert time to frequency…..
-.03144 sec F = 1/time
T = .03887 sec 1/.03887 = 25.73 Hz = 1543 RPM

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Measurement Parameters

2 Domains : TIME and FREQUENCY

FFT

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 FFT Signal Processing
Amplitude
Amplitude

Amplitude
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Summary

– Machinery faults occur at specific

frequencies that are often difficult to
recognize in the time waveform. This
makes the spectrum a very useful tool.
The time waveform, although not as useful
for fault detection, is valuable for
determining the character of the vibration
such as impacting symmetry.

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Summary

• Review of Vibration Basics

• Remember definitions
– time waveform
– frequency spectrum
– amplitude units
– frequency units
• It’s also important to remember various
types of transducers

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