INQUIRIES,

INVESTIGATIONS
AND IMMERSION

ARDRIAN D. MALANGEN, MAEd,CLSSYB

Associate Professor II
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the lesson the participants should be able to
1. Discuss briefly and determine the purpose of the study
2. Give examples of comparison and relationship
3. Identify and give examples of the different types of data
4. Identify the types of statistics and level of measurements
5. Determine the four basic methods of sampling and common
statistical tools used in quantitative research.
 PURPOSE
IS THERE A
DIFFERENCE?

COMPARISON
IS THERE A
CONNECTION?

RELATIONSHIP
 COMPARISON
(Looking for difference)

MALES STEM
VS. CONTROL VS.
FEMALES GROUP HUMSS
AND
TREATMENT
GROUP
  RELATIONSHIP
 (Looking for Connection)

Age and the

Height number of
and Flexibility Hours he/she
Test scores and exercise per
Grade Point week
Average
 TYPES OF DATA
QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS

C A L
T E G ORI
CA
QUANTITATIVE
NUMERICAL

U O U S
T I N
CON
 CATEGORICAL
(QUALITATIVE)

YES OR NO
BRAND NAME
ANSWER

EDUCATIONAL
LEVEL

CIVIL STATUS SEX

Surveys or Questionnaires
 Online surveys are commonly used to carry out
investigations on certain topics. The data gathered in some
cases are categorical.
 Examples of Categorical Data

1. How many siblings do you have? ____________

 The above is an example of an open-ended nominal data
collection form. The response may be quantitative but will
possess qualitative properties.
 Motives for employees to work better:

 Companies who want to improve employee productivity may

use this method to discover what motivates employees to
work better. For example:
2. What motivates you to work better? (Others specify)
 Peer motivation

 Recognition

 Professional growth opportunities

 Friendly work culture

 Others _____

 Motives for travelling:

 Travel and tourism companies ask their customers or target audience

this question to inform marketing strategies.
3. What are your motives for travelling? (Others specify)
 Business

 Leisure

 Family

 Study

 Health

 Others _____
 Proficiency level
 Employees measure a job applicant's proficiency level in skills
required to perform well in the job. This helps in choosing the
best applicant for the job.
4. What is your proficiency level in excel?
 Advanced

 Intermediate

 Novice

5. How will you rate the desert served tonight?

 Very good

 Good

 Neutral

 Bad

 Very bad
 CONTINUOUS/DISCRETE
(QUANTITATIVE)

AGE HOURS
OF SLEEP

TEST
SCORES

HEIGHT PRICE
TYPES OF STATISTICS
 Descriptive Statistics-summarizes or described
the important characteristics of a known set data .
 Ex. The National Statistics Office conducts
surveys to determine the average age, income and
other characteristics of the Filipino population,
 Inferential Statistics- uses sample data to make
inferences about a population. It consists of
generalizing from samples to population,
performing hypothesis testing, determining
relationships among variables, and making
predictions.
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
 Listed below are some examples of quantitative data that can help
understand exactly what this pertains:
 1.) I updated my phone 6 times in a quarter.

 2.) My teenager grew by 3 inches last year.

 3.) 83 people downloaded the latest mobile application.

 4.) My aunt lost 18 pounds last year.

 5.) 150 respondents were of the opinion that the new product
feature will not be successful.
 6.) There will be 30% increase in revenue with the inclusion of a
new product.
 7.) 500 people attended the seminar.

 8.) 54% people prefer shopping online instead of going to the

mall
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
 Nominal Level- this is characterized by data that consist of names,
labels or categories only.
 Ordinal Level- this involves data that may be arranged in some
order, but differences between data values either cannot be
determined or meaningless, an example is the grading system
involving letters(A,B,C,D,E,F
 Interval Level- This is the same as the ordinal, with an additional
property that we can determine meaningful amounts of differences
between the data.
 Ratio Level- this is an interval level modified to include the
inherent zero starting point. The differences and ratios of data are
meaningful. Ex. Measure of height, weight and area.
 Data collection and Sampling Techniques-data can be collected in
different ways. The most common is trough survey-telephone,
mailed- questionaire,or personal interview. There are also other
methods of collecting data: surveying records or direct observation.
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS
MEASUREM NAMED ORDER DIFFERENC TRUE ZERO
ENT LEVEL E

NOMINAL

ORDINAL

INTERVAL

RATIO
 FOUR BASIC METHODS OF SAMPLING
 Random Sampling- this is done by using chance
methods or random numbers. For example, number
each subject in the population.
 Systematic Sampling- this is done by numbering
each subject of the population and then selecting
every nth number. For example there are 5000
families in a city. Fifty families are needed as a
sample for an experiment. Since 5000÷50 = 100, then
k= 100. This means that every 100th subject would be
selected.
 Stratified Sampling- if a population has distinct groups, it
is possible to divide the population into these groups and to
draw from each the groups. The groups are called strata.
Strata are designed so that members in each groups are more
homogenous. This technique is particularly useful in
populations that can be stratified into groups by gender, race,
age, strand or program.
 Cluster Sampling-this method uses intact groups called
clusters. Suppose a medical researcher wants to study the
patients in metro manila.
 It would be very costly and time consuming to obtain a
random sample since they would be spread over different
parts of Metro Manila. Rather, a few hospitals could be
selected at random and the patients in these hospitals would
be studied in a cluster.
 STATISTICAL TOOLS
 COMPARISON
 1. DEPENDENT SAMPLE
 2. INDEPENDENT SAMPLE

DEPENDENT SAMPLE
PARAMETRIC
•T – test for dependent Means/Paired t- test

NON PARAMETRIC
•Wilcoxon Signed rank Test
 DEPENDENT SAMPLE
 PARAMETRIC
 T – test for dependent Means/Paired t- test

 It is a parametric approach (or large sample approach) used to

compare means of paired groups (dependent groups or match
groups.)
 Examples:

 The researcher wants to determine the significant difference

between the pre-test(before intervention program)and post-test
(after intervention program) results in general mathematics?

 Is there a significant difference between the mean performance of

experimental group before and after remediation class?
 NON PARAMETRIC

 Wilcoxon Signed rank Test

 It is a non parametric approach(used one group) to test difference
before and after treatment using ordinal data.

Examples:
 A study assessed the effectiveness of a new drug designed to reduce
repetitive behaviours in children affected with autism before and
after 1 week of treatment.
 A company test the effectiveness of a newly developed sunscreen
formula. An experiment is performed with 12 subjects/participants
each of whom has the old formula applied to the left arm(L) and the
new formula applied to the right arm (R). Each individual is
exposed to one hour of sun and the degree of redness (0-10) on
each arm is compared.
 INDPENDENT SAMPLES

PARAMETRIC
Z – test
Independent Sample T-test
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

NON PARAMETRIC
Mann- Witney U test
Kruskal Wallis
PARAMETRIC
Z – test
 It is a statistical test for the mean of a population. It can be used
when the sample size is greater than or equal to 30 (n ≥ 30), when
the population is normally distributed and σ (population
deviation) is known.
 Examples :

 1. A diet clinic states that there is an average loss of 24 pounds for

those who stay on the program for 20 weeks. The standard
deviation is 5 pounds. The clinic tries a new diet, reducing salt
intake to see whether that strategy will produce a greater weight
loss. A group of 40 volunteers loses an average of 16.3 pounds
each over 20 weeks. Should the clinic change the new diet? Use 0.
05 level of significance.
 2. A manufacturer claims that the average lifetime of his light
bulbs is 3 years and 36 months. The standard deviation is 8
months. Fifty bulbs are selected, and the average lifetime is found
to be 32 months. Should the manufacturer’s statement be rejected
at 0.05 level significance.
 Independent Sample T-test

 - It compares the means of two unrelated/independent groups in

order to determine whether there is a statistical evidence that the
associated population means are significantly different. The
Independent Samples t Test is a parametric test.
 EXAMPLES:

 1. Is there a significant difference between smoking and perceived

academic performance of the grade 11 students?
 2. Is there a significant difference in the mathematics performance
of the Grade 11 students when group according to sex?
ANOVA( Analysis of Variance)
 It compares the means of more than two independent groups in
order to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the
associated population means are significantly different. One-Way
ANOVA is a parametric test. It is omnibus.
This test is also known as:
 One-Factor ANOVA

 One-Way Analysis of Variance

 Between Subjects ANOVA

The One-Way ANOVA is often used to analyze data from the

following types of studies:
 Field studies

 Experiments

 Quasi-experiments
Examples :
1. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of delivery
mode of instruction methods used when they group according
to strands?
2. Do the three groups of learners on the new normal mode of
instruction significantly differ before and after learning
statistics and probability?
Mann -Whitney U test
-The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare differences between
two independent groups when the dependent variable is either
ordinal or continuous, but not normally distributed.
1. Examples:

1. Is there a significant difference between the ranks/level of

effectiveness of Online distance E-learning (ODEL) when
group according to sex?
 2. Is there a significant difference between the ranks of treatment
A and Treatment B?

 Kruskal-Wallis test
 - It is a rank-based nonparametric test that can be used to
determine if there are statistically significant differences between
two or more groups of an independent variable on a continuous
or ordinal dependent variable.
 1. Is there a significant difference between the Salary and Job
position of employees in company ABC?
 2. Is there a significant difference on the satisfaction ratings in
assistance during COVID-19 lockdown when group into class
(lower, middle and upper)?
 RELATIONSHIP

 PARAMETRIC
 1. Pearson Product Moment Correlation

 NON PARAMETRIC
 1. Chi – Square Test
 2. Spearman Rho
-Cramer’s V
 PARAMETRIC
 1. Pearson Product Moment Correlation

 -Measure the strength/degree/level of association or relationship

between two variables.
 -The value of a correlation coefficient ranges between -1 and 1

 -Whether a statistically significant linear relationship exists

between two continuous variables
 -The strength of a linear relationship (i.e., how close the
relationship is to being a perfectly straight line)
 -The direction of a linear relationship (increasing or decreasing)

 -The level of measurement used is ratio and interval data/level.

EXAMPLES:
 1. Is there a significant relationship between the number of absences
incurred by a student and his or her final grade in a Statistics class?
 2. Is there a significant relationship between the weight and systolic blood
pressure of some selected Grade 11 students?
 NON PARAMETRIC

 1. Chi – Square Test

 -Determines whether there is an association between categorical variables

(i.e., whether the variables are independent or related). It is a
nonparametric test. This test is also known as Chi-Square Test of
Association.
 -This test utilizes a contingency table to analyze the data. A contingency
table (also known as a cross-tabulation, crosstab, or two-way table) is an
arrangement in which data is classified according to two categorical
variables. The categories for one variable appear in the rows, and the
categories for the other variable appear in columns. Each variable must
have two or more categories. Each cell reflects the total count of cases for
a specific pair of categories.
 1. Is there a significant relationship between jogging and systolic
blood pressure?
 2. A researcher wants to determine whether there is a relationship
between sex and the amount of alcohol consumed .
 Spearman Rho/Spearman rank correlation

 -Spearman's Rho is a non-parametric test used to measure the

strength of association between two rank variables, where the
value r = 1 means a perfect positive correlation and the value r = -
1 means a perfect negative correlation.
 Example:

 1. Is there a significant relationship between weekly exercise time

(rank) and grades (rank) of the students?