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Combustion of Fuels

The document discusses combustion of fuels and their properties. It covers the composition of fuels and air, the oxygen required and flue gases produced from combustion of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur in fuels. It also summarizes the analysis of fuel composition through proximate, ultimate and volumetric analysis. Properties discussed include specific gravity, heating value, and formulas to calculate these. The combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels is covered along with analysis of flue gases and equivalence ratio.

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FLORA,GISELLE H.
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26 views16 pages

Combustion of Fuels

The document discusses combustion of fuels and their properties. It covers the composition of fuels and air, the oxygen required and flue gases produced from combustion of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur in fuels. It also summarizes the analysis of fuel composition through proximate, ultimate and volumetric analysis. Properties discussed include specific gravity, heating value, and formulas to calculate these. The combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels is covered along with analysis of flue gases and equivalence ratio.

Uploaded by

FLORA,GISELLE H.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Combustion of Fuels

COMPOSITION
FUEL + AIR = FLUE GASES
C=12 O2 CO2
H=1 N2 H2 O
O=16 By Mass: N2
N=14 23.2% O2 and 76.8% N2 SO2
S=32 By Volume: CO
Others 21% O2 and 79% N2
OXYGEN REQUIRED & FLUE GAS
PRODUCED
• For Carbon
OXYGEN REQUIRED & FLUE GAS
PRODUCED
• For Hydrogen
OXYGEN REQUIRED & FLUE GAS
PRODUCED
• For Sulfur
Properties of Fuels
• 1. Analysis of Composition
• Proximate Analysis – is an analysis of the composition of fuel which
gives, on mass basis, the relative amounts of moisture content,
volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash.
• Ultimate Analysis – is an analysis of the composition of fuel which
gives on mass basis, the relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and moisture.
• Volumetric Analysis – is an analysis of the composition of fuel which
gives on volume basis, the relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and moisture.
Properties of Fuels
• 2. Specific Gravity
•
• 3. API and Baume Gravity Units
•
• 4. Specific Gravity at temperature (t)
• ; where CF is the correction factor.
Properties of Fuels
• 5. Heating Value or Calorific Value
• Higher Heating Value or Gross Calorific Value – is the heating value
obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the
liquid state.
• Lower Heating Value or Net Calorific Value – is the heating value
obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the
vapor state.
Properties of Fuel
• Dulong’s Formula: Given Ultimate Analysis

• ASME Formula: Given °API


Properties of Fuel
• Bureau of Standards Formula: Given SG

• Hydrocarbons (CnHm) HHV

•
Combustion of Solid Fuels
• Theoretical Weight of Air. It is the exact theoretical amount as
determined from the reaction of air needed to burn a unit amount of
fuel.
• Given Ultimate Analysis
Analysis of Flue Gas
• Orsat Analysis – is a gas analyzer that is used to analyze the gaseous
products of combustion. The products of combustion (flue gas)
contain CO2, SO2, N2, O2, CO, and water vapor.
• Dry flue gas analysis by volume only contains CO2, N2, O2, CO. So,

• Weight of combustion products (flue gas) liberated during combustion


of fuel with air is given by the equation:
Analysis of Flue Gas
• Weight of dry flue gas formed per kg of fuel burned:
•
• Where:
Combustion of Liquid Fuels (Hydrocarbons)
• Hydrocarbons
Combustion of Gaseous Fuels
• When dealing with mixture of different gaseous fuels, balancing the
equation is needed to be able to solve the air fuel ratio.
Equivalence Ratio, φ
• Equivalence Ratio defines the air-fuel mixture.

• Where:
• Φ = 1, stoichiometric mixture
• Φ < 1, fuel-lean mixture
• Φ > 1, fuel-rich mixture

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