HELLO AND

WELCOME TO
GENERAL
MATHEMATICS!
 Review!
Find the value of in each of the following given.
1.
2.
3.
4.
 Activity
Figure out what is wrong with the following expression.

𝑥
2 =3
Can we find the value of ? If yes, what is its value?

What concept should we use to solve for ?

 WELCOME TO GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Lesson 5
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
Prepared by: Mr. Jhon Phet S. Brigoli, LPT
 Page 2

LESSON OBJECTIVES
 I can represent real-life situation using logarithmic
functions.
 I can identify logarithmic functions, equations and
inequalities
 I can solve logarithmic equations and inequalities
 I can apply and use the law of logarithms
 I can solve problems involving logarithmic functions
 Page 3

Lessons to be Covered
1 Real-Life Situations using Logarithmic Functions

2 Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities

3 Solving Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities

 WELCOME TO GENERAL MATHEMATICS

Represent Real-Life Situations

using Logarithmic Functions

Prepared by: Mr. Jhon Phet S. Brigoli, LPT

 INTRODUCTION
There are exponential equations that are not easy to solve. For
instance,

cannot be easily solved but for sure, it has a solution. Since ,

therefore . The solution to can be written as . This is read as “ is
equal to the logarithm of 3 to the base 2”. This suggests that is
equivalent to
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
The inverse of an exponential function is called a
logarithmic function. For and ,

Logarithmic form Exponential form

is equivalent
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
NOTE:
a. Logarithmic functions and exponential functions are
inverses.
b. In logarithmic form , cannot be negative.
c. The value of can be negative
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
FORMS
Logarithmic Forms:

Exponential Forms:
 COMMON LOGARITHMS
Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10; the
base 10 is usually omitted when writing common
logarithms. This means that is a short notation for .

In , the integral number is called the characteristic, and

log , a number greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1,
is called the mantissa.
 NATURAL LOGARITHMS
Logarithms with base are called natural logarithms,
and are denoted by “ln”. In other words, is another way
of writing
Rewrite the following exponential equations in logarithmic
form, whenever possible.

1.
2.1 2 3
3.
4.
5.
Rewrite the following logarithmic equations in exponential
form, whenever possible.

1.
2.1 2 3
3.
4.
5.
 THE LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER
The logarithm of a number to the base is the exponent
of the power to which is raised to obtain . In symbols,

if and only if
Evaluate the following logarithms.

1.
2.
3.1 2 3
4.
5.
Logarithms allow us to discover very large numbers in more
manageable ways. For example, , a very large number, may
be difficult to work with. But its common logarithm is easier
to grasp. Because logarithms can facilitate an understanding
of very large numbers (or positive numbers very close to
zero), it has applications in various situations.
 REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

THE RICHTER SCALE

In 1935, Charles Richter proposed a logarithmic scale to
measure the intensity of an earthquake. He defined the
magnitude of an earthquake as a function of its amplitude
1 2 3
on a standard seismograph. The following formula
produces the same results, but is based on the energy
released by an earthquake.
 REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

THE RICHTER SCALE

Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

The magnitude of an earthquake is given by
1 2 3

where (in joules) is the energy released by the earthquake

(the quantity is the energy released by a very small reference
earthquake.
Sample Problem 1:

Suppose that an earthquake released approximately

joules of energy. What is the magnitude on a Richter
scale?
 REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

SOUND INTENSITY IN DECIBEL

The loudness of a sound is expressed as a ratio comparing
the sound to the least audible sound. The range of energy
from the lowest sound that can be heard to a sound so loud
1 2 3
that is produces pain rather than the sensation of hearing is
so large that an exponential scale is used. The lowest
possible sound that can be heard is called the threshold of
hearing.
 REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

SOUND INTENSITY IN DECIBEL

Sound Intensity
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is
1 2 3

where is the sound intensity in watts/ (the quantity watts/ is

least audible sound a human can hear.
Sample Problem 2:

The intensity of sound of a lawn mower is watts/.

What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?
 TRY THIS!
I. Express each exponential equation in its equivalent
logarithmic equation.

1.
2.
3. 1 2 3

4.
5.
 TRY THIS!
II. Express each logarithmic equation in its equivalent
exponential equation.

1.
2.
3. 1 2 3

4.
5.
 TRY THIS!
III. Solve the following problem.

1. Suppose that an earthquake released approximately

joules of energy, what is the magnitude on a Richter
1 2 3
scale?
 ACTIVITY 5.1
III. Solve the following problem.

2. The intensity of sound of a background noise at a

restaurant
1 is watts/.2 What is the corresponding
3 sound
intensity in decibels?
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
It is a function in the form of , such that and .

Example:
 LOGARITHMIC EQUATION
It is an equation involving logarithms

Example:
 LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITY
It is an inequality involving logarithms

Example:
A logarithmic equation or inequality can be solved for
all values that satisfy the equation or inequality. A
logarithmic function expresses a relationship between
two variables (such as and ), and can be represented by
a table of values or a graph.
ACTIVITY 5.2
 WELCOME TO GENERAL MATHEMATICS

SOLVING LOGARITHMIC
EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
Prepared by: Mr. Meljun C. Barnayha, LPT
Similar to solving most equations, the goal in solving
logarithmic equations – equations that involve logarithmic
expressions – is to isolate the variable and therefore
providing a solution that makes the equation true.
 STRATEGIES IN SOLVING
LOGARITHMIC EQUATION
 Rewriting to exponential form.
 Using logarithmic properties.
 The Zero Product Property: If , then or .
 THE LOGARITHM OF A NUMBER
The logarithm of a number to the base is the exponent
of the power to which is raised to obtain . In symbols,

if and only if
 PROPERTY OF EQUALITY FOR
LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
Let be a positive real number and . Then,

if and only if .
 PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
For any base ,
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Evaluate the following and tell what property of
logarithm is being applied.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3.
 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
1 Law of Logarithm: Logarithm of Products
st

The logarithm of the product of positive real

number is equal to the sum of the logarithms of the
factors of the given base. In symbols,
Express each logarithm as the sum of simpler
logarithmic expressions.
a.
b.
Express the sum of logarithms as a single logarithm.
a.
b.
 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
2 Law of Logarithm: Logarithm of Quotients
nd

The logarithm of quotient of two positive real

number is equal to the logarithm of the dividend
minus the logarithm of the divisor. In symbols,
Express each as a sum or difference of simpler
logarithmic expressions.
a.
b.
Express the difference as a single logarithm.
a.
b.
 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
3 Law of Logarithm: Logarithm of Power
rd

The logarithm of the power of a positive real

number is equal to the exponent times the logarithm
of the number to the given base. In symbols,
Express each as a sum or difference of logarithms.
a.
b.
c. z
Express each as a single logarithm.
a.
b.
WELCOME TO GENERAL MATHEMATICS

ANY
QUESTIONS?
 Evaluation
I. Identify whether the following is an logarithmic function,
logarithmic equation, or logarithmic inequality. Write your
answers in a sheet of paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. Solve each logarithmic equation.

1.
2.
3.
4.
 ACTIVITY 5.3
III. Solve each logarithmic equations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
 QUIZ #8
Solve each of the following equations.
1.
2. m
3.
4.
5. +3
 Thank You
Do you have any questions for me before we go?