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Urinary System

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. Together these organs work to regulate blood volume, pressure, and composition by removing waste and balancing fluid and electrolytes. Common issues of the urinary system include infections, kidney stones, and incontinence.

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27 views31 pages

Urinary System

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to form urine. The ureters then carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. Together these organs work to regulate blood volume, pressure, and composition by removing waste and balancing fluid and electrolytes. Common issues of the urinary system include infections, kidney stones, and incontinence.

Uploaded by

renzvalorant28
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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URINARY SYSTEM

Topic Outline
Overview
Basic Anatomy
Abdominal Visceral Organs
Pelvic Urinary Viscera

Clinical Correlation
Urinary System
2 Kidneys
2 Ureters
1 Urinary Bladder
1 Urethra
Functions
• The kidneys regulate blood volume and composition, help regulate
blood pressure, synthesize glucose, release erythropoietin, participate
in Vit D synthesis, and excrete wastes by forming urine
• Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
• Urinary Bladder stores urine
• Urethra discharges urine from the body
Overview
• Regulation of blood composition – kidneys (Na+, Ca+, K+)
• Regulation of Blood pH – H+ ions, HCO3- ions – buffer
• Regulation of Blood Volume – conserving and eliminating water in the
urine
• Regulation of Blood Pressure – Renin (RAAS)
• Mainttenance of blood osmolarity – concentration of substance
• Production of hormones – Calcitriol, Erythropoetin
• Regulation of blood glucose level – glutamine ( Liver)
• Excretion of wastes and foreign substance - urine
Basic Anatomy
Abdominal Urinary Organs
Kidneys
Upper Urinary Tract
Ureters
Pelvic Urinary Viscera
Urinary Bladder
Male Urethra
Female Urethra
Kidneys
• 2 kidneys
• 10-12cm long; 5-7cm wide; 3 cm thick
• Weighs ~135-150g
• Reddish, bean shaped organs behind the peritoneum –
“retroperitoneal”
• T12 and L3 vertebra
• Right kidney is lower than the left - liver
Internal Anatomy
Renal Capsule – envelopes the whole kidney; maintains shape; barrier
Renal Cortex – superficial; light red area
Renal Medulla – deep; darker reddish brown
Renal Pyramids – cone shaped
Renal Papilla – apex
Renal Columns – extension of renal cortex to the pyramids
• Parenchyma – functional part of
the kidney
• Nephron – functional unit of the
system; produces urine
Nephrons > Collecting Ducts >
Papillary Ducts (pyramids) > Calluses
> Renal Pelvis > Ureter > Urinary
Bladder
Production of Urine
Blood to urine

Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule > Proximal


Convoluted Tubule > Descending Loop of Henle >
Ascending Loop of Henle > Distal Convoluted
Tubule > Collecting Duct
Blood Supply
• 20-25% Cardiac Output
• 1200 mL/ minute
• Via renal arteries
Ureters
• Transports urine from the renal pelvis of one kidney to the bladder.
• 25-30cm long
• No anatomical valve ; has smooth muscle
• retroperitoneal
3 Basic Processes of Urine Production
• Glomerular Filtration – Bowman’s Capsule
• Tubular Reabsorption - Peritubular capillaries; Loop of Henle
• Tubular Secretion – Collecting Duct
• Excretion
Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
1.Renin (kidney) breaks down Angiontensinogen from the liver
into Angiotensin 1 (dec BP detected)
2.Angiotensin will be converted by ACE (lungs) Angiotensin
converting enzyme
3. Angiotensin2 - Aldosterone- Increase water retention > inc
Blood Flow > Vasoconstriction- INC BP
Pelvic Urinary Viscera
• Urinary Bladder
• Urethra
Urinary Bladder
• Hollow, distensible muscular organ
• “detrussor muscle” – pushes down urine
• Males – directly anterior to the rectum
• Females – anterior to vagina and inferior to the uterus; smaller
• 700-800 mL - capacity
Female Urinary Bladder
Male Urinary Bladder
Micturition Reflex
• Discharge of urine from the bladder
• 200-400mL of urine in the bladder > stretch reflex > S2 and S3
segments in the SC > Parasympathetic response that will cause
contraction of the Detrussor muscle and relaxation of internal
urethral sphincter > emptying of the bladder
Urethra
• Small tube leading form the internal orifice of the bladder to the
exterior of the body
• Terminal portion of urine and passageway of semen in males
Female Urethra
• Directly posterior to the pubic symphysis
• 4 cm in length
• Opening - External Urethral Orifice - between the clitoris and vaginal
opening
• Wall – deep mucosa and muscularis (smooth muscle)
Male Urethra
• Through the prostate to the perineal muscles to the penis
• 20cm in length
• Several glands delivered here (Reproductive System)
• Consists of mucosa and muscularis (smooth muscle)
• 3 anatomical regions
Prostathic urethra – prostate – internal urethral sphincter
Membranous urethra – perineum (shortest); external urethral sphincter
Spongy Urethra – penis (longest) ; lubrication (alkaline substance)
Clinical Correlation
• Urinary Tract Infection
• Microbes that get into the ureters and urethra causing blockage of the urine
routes
• Microbes that disrupts the normal fluid flow inside the system

• Signs and Symptoms


• Lower abdominal pain
• Painful urination ( Dysuria)
• Yellowish urine color; in severe cases Hematuria ( blood in urine)
Renal Calculi
• “kidney stones”
• Crystal of salts in the urine that solidify
• Calcium oxalate, uric acid and calcium phosphate
• Common cause
• Excessive Calcium
• Low water intake
• Increased acidity of urine
Urinary Incontinence
• 4 Types
• Stress Incontinence – most common; coughing, sneezing, laughing
• Urge Incontinence – most common in elderly; 1/3 urine in bladder
• Overflow Incontinence – no sense of bladder emptying
• Functional Incontinence – wont get to a toilet facility in time
Treatment for Incontinence
• Kegel’s Exercise
• Tighten your pelvic floor muscles. Hold it for 5-8 seconds. Relax
• Repeat the exercise for 10 repetitions

• You’re doing it wrong if your abdominal muscles are contracting at the same
time.

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