UE UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

Basic Education Department - Caloocan

Logarithmic Equations

LEARNING ACTIVITY PLAN 11

At the end of the lesson, you are
expected to:

-Illustrate the laws on logarithm;

and
-Solve logarithmic equations.
LOGARITHM
- It's an operation that will undo an exponent.

- It is the inverse of exponential.

- “Logarithm" is a word made up by Scottish

mathematician John Napier (1550-1617), from
the Greek word logos meaning "proportion,
ratio or word" and arithmos meaning
"number", ... which together makes "ratio-
number" !
How to Write and READ Logarithm

Notice we are dealing with three numbers:

•the base: the number we are multiplying (a "2" in

the example above)
•how often to use it in a multiplication (8 times,
which is the logarithm)
•The number we want to get ( “256 ")

READ as..
•"the logarithm of 256 with base 2 is 8"
•or "log base 2 of 256 is 8"
•or "the base 2 log of 256 is 8"
Exponents and Logarithms are related, let's find out how ...
exponent
The exponent says how many times to
use the number in a multiplication.
2 3
Base
In this example: 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
(2 is used 3 times in a multiplication to
get 8)

So a logarithm answers a question like this:

In this way:

The logarithm tells us what the exponent is!

 In that example the "base" is 2 and the "exponent" is 3:

exponent

23= 8 log28=3
base
ay= x ⇔ log a x = y

LOGARITHMIC FORM EXPONENTIAL FORM

log4 1/16 = −2 4-2 = 1/16

23 log5 125 = 3 53 = 125

log11121 = 2 112 = 121

log2 16 = 4 24 = 16

log7 1 = 0 70 = 1
log5 5 = 1 51 = 5
Concept Check:

log x = log10 x Common logarithm

loge x = ln x Natural Logarithm

loga x = log x/log a Change of Base

Formula
If ay= x then log a x = y
 Evaluate each logarithmic expressions

1.

a. By calculator; use the change of base formula

= log 32/log 2= 5

To find the b. By using ay= x then log a x = y

= y then 2y= 32

2y= 25
y=5
2. 3. log 5 125
If ay= x then log a x = y
then 6 y= 216 then 5 y = 125

6 y= 6 3 5 y = 53

y=3 y=3

4. log 3 1/ 243
then 3 y = 1/243
3 y = 3-5

y = -5
 Laws of Logarithms

#1. Product Rule

The log of a product equals the sum of the logs.

Examples:
The
1. loga xy = loga x + loga y

2. log 2 ( 8 × 4 )=log 2 ( 8 ) +log 2 ( 4 )

3.log 3 42=¿log 3 2+log 3 21 log 3 3+log 3 1 4 log 3 6+log 3 7
4. log 2 5 + log 2 4 = log 2 (5 × 4) = log 2 20
5. log 3 x + log 3 5= log 3 5x
 𝑥 5
#2. Quotient Rule

2 =2
The log of a quotient equals the difference of the logs.

Examples:

1.log𝑏 (¿ 𝑥/𝑦)=¿¿ log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦

¿ 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 16
2. log 𝑏 (¿ 𝑥 /16 )=¿log
 # 3: Power Rule

The log of a power equals the product of the power and the log

Examples:

log 𝑏 ¿ ¿𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑥

log 2 ¿ ¿4 log 2 8
 #4: Zero Rule
Logarithm of 1 is always zero, no matter what the base of the logarithm is. This
is because any number raised to 0 equals 1..
log 2 1=0
#5: Identity Rule

The logarithm of a number is the same as the base is equal to 1.

log 6 6 =1
#6: Undefined Rule It's not a real number, because you can
log 10 0=𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 never get zero by raising anything to the
power.

log 7 −49=𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 Logarithms of negative numbers are not defined

in the real numbers. If you are expected to find
the log of a negative number, an answer of
"undefined" is sufficient.
 Expand each logarithmic expressions:

1. log 2 2 𝑥 +

2. log 4 𝑥 / 12 -

3. log 3 6 2 2 log 3 6
4 . log 5 25 / 𝑥 2 -
Simplify the given logarithmic expressions

+
log 3 7 𝑥

+ log 2 3 𝑥 3

-[ +

𝑥2
log 2
3 ( 𝑥 +1 ) 3
Solve the logarithmic equations:

1. log 2 ( ¿ 𝑥 − 4)=3 ¿

Solution: Check:
log 2 (¿ 𝑥 − 4)=3 ¿ log 2 (¿ 𝑥 − 4)=3 ¿
23 =𝑥 − 4 log 2 (¿ 12 − 4)=3? ¿
8=𝑥 − 4 log 2 8=3 ?
8 +4 =𝑥 23 = 8
𝑥=12
8= 8
2. log 2 x + log 2 4 = 5

Solution:
Check:
log 2 x + log 2 4 = 5
log 2 x + log 2 4 = 5
log 2 4x = 5
log 2 8 + log 2 4 = 5
25= 4x
log 2 32 = 5
32 = 4x
25= 32
32 = 4x
4 4 32 = 32

x=8
 3. log 3 x + log 3 2 = 2

Solution:

log 3 x + log 3 2 = 2 Check:

log 3 2x = 2 log 3 x + log 3 2 = 2

x-axis.
32= 2x log 3 (4.5) + log 3 2 = 2

9 = 2x
log 3 9 = 2
9 = 2x
2 2 32= 9

x = 9/2 or 9=9

4.5
4. log 3 x - log 3 2 = 2 5. log x + log 3 = 2

Solution: Solution:

log 3 x - log 3 2 = 2 log x + log 3 = 2

log 3 (x/2) = 2 log 10 3x = 2

32= x 102 = 3x
2
100 = 3x
9=x
2 100 = 3x
3 3
18= x
100= x
3
6. ln x = 2

Solution:

ln x = 2

ln e x = 2 e=
2.71828

e2 = x

(2.71828)2 = x

x = 7.3891
 Summary:

1. loga xy loga x + loga y

2. log 2 5 + log 2 4 log 2 20

3. log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 16 log 𝑏 ( 𝑥¿ ¿ 16) ¿

4. log 7 7 1

5. log 2 1 0

6. log 10 0 undefined

7. ln e 1

8. ln 1 0