FLUID MECHANICS

Objectives
1. Identify and describe buoyancy, density,
pressure, Archimedes’ principle and Bernoulli’s
Principle.

2. Discuss the concepts of Buoyancy, Archimedes’

principle and density.

3. Appreciate the importance of fluid mechanics

from the different activities given.
REVIEW

• What are the 3 states of matter?

Solid
Liquid
Gas

3
REVIEW

• What common property do liquid and

gases have that made them fluids?

Liquids and gases do not

have a fixed shape and they
have the ability to “flow”.

4
■ INTRODUCTION
Fluid mechanics: The
science that deals with
the behavior of fluids
at rest (fluid statics) or
in motion (fluid
dynamics), and the
interaction of fluids
with solids or other
fluids at the
Fluid mechanics deals
boundaries. with liquids and gases in
motion or at rest.
What is a Fluid?

Fluid: A substance in the liquid or

gas phase.
Properties of Fluids

• Density
• Buoyancy
• Pressure
Density

• The amount of mass or matter in a

given volume
• Formula – = m/V
• Units – g/cm3 or kg/m3or g/ml for a
liquid
A little side note on volume
• Volume is the amount of space an object takes
up
• Solid objects – cm3
• Liquids - ml
• Regular shaped objects (cubes, rectangular
prism) – l x w x h
• Irregular shaped objects – water displacement
method
Final volume – initial volume
Density

• A ratio – does not change (Mass cannot

change without volume changing also,
proportionately)
• Density of water 1g/ml or 1g/cm3
Question

• Which has a larger density – 1L of water

or 10L of water?
Questions

• 1.What is the density of a cube that has a

volume of 6cm3 and has a mass of 18 grams?
• 2.What is the density of a 10g irregular shaped
block, that when you put it in a beaker filled with
10ml of water, rises to 12ml?
• 3. Find the density of a liquid that has a mass of
24 grams and a volume of 6 ml.
Relative Density

• The ratio of density to the density

of pure water is called relative
density of both solid or liquid at
4∘C. Mathematically
 Relative Density

• The relative density of a substance is

a number without units. For example,
mercury’s density is expressed
mathematically as

• Hence, the relative density of

mercury is 13.6.
Density Can Change with……

• Temperature!
• Molecules move around and expand with
heat, increasing volume
Hydrometers

• devices to measure the

density of a liquid
Buoyancy

• Buoyant Force - The upward force that

fluids exert on all matter, caused by
differences in fluid pressure
Describe the forces in the
following picture
• Which way does the buoyant force act upon the
block?
Buoyancy
• Upward net force on
objects within a liquid
• Occurs because
pressure in a fluid
increases with depth
• Since the bottom is
deeper, more force is
pushing up than
force on the bottom
pushing down
• Net upward force
pushes objects up
Archimedes Principle

• Archimedes Principle - the buoyant force

on a submerged object is equal to the
weight of the fluid that is displaced by the
object.
Archimedes Principle
• The buoyant force on an object is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object
FB = Fw = mg ρ = M/V
M = ρV FB = ρVg

It is NOT the object that exerts the buoyant

force, it is the fluid that the object displaces
that causes it
FB = ρfluidgVsubmerged
What is the buoyant force on this object?

Buoyant force = the weight of the fluid

displaced
What is the buoyant force?

• If an object when placed in water

displaces 1kg of water…..what is the
buoyant force on the object?

• Hint: Buoyant force is equal to the weight

(not mass) of the water displaced
Example (text problem 9.28): A flat-bottomed barge
loaded with coal has a mass of 3.0105 kg. The barge
is 20.0 m long and 10.0 m wide. It floats in fresh water.
What is the depth of the barge below the waterline?
Apply Newton’s 2nd Law to the barge:
y
FBD for
the barge FB
F  F B w0
FB  w
mw g   wVw g  mb g
x
 wVw  mb
w  w  Ad   mb
mb 3.0 105 kg
d   1.5 m
 
 w A 1000 kg/m 20.0 m *10.0 m 
3
 Sink or Float

• The difference
between the buoyant
force and the object’s
weight determines
whether an object
sinks or floats.
Sinking and Floating

• When an object is more dense than the liquid

you put it in, it SINKS
• When an object is less dense than the liquid you
put it in, it FLOATS
Sinking and floating
• Things float when the weight of water displaced (buoyant
force) is equal to or more than the objects weight
(gravity)

• Things sink when the weight of the water displaced

(buoyant force) is less than the weight of the object
(gravity)
Floating
• An object floats on a fluid if its density is
less than that of the fluid
• When floating FB = FW
• ρfVdispg = ρoVog

• ρfVdisp = ρoVo

• Fraction of an object submerged is given by

the ratio of the density of the object to the
fluid
Changing shape changes
volume
• Changing the shape of an object can allow for more
water displacement and changes the volume of an object
• Object at left has density
greater than water's; it
sinks.
• Object at the right has
a density less than water;
it floats. The large
volume--most of it air--
makes the density small
(average density), less than that of water, so it floats
Example

• A 70kg statue lies at the bottom of the sea.

Its volume is 3.0 x 10-2 m3. How much
force is needed to lift it?

• When a crown of mass 14.7kg is

submerged in water, an accurate scale
reads only 13.4kg. Is the crown gold?
Example

• A rectangular block of wood (1.0m x 2.0m

x 0.25m) floats so that 0.15 cm of its
height is above the water level.
a) find the density of the wood
b) find the mass of the wood
Pressure
• force acting perpendicular to a unit
area
• Formula: = F/A
• Unit : N/m2
 The Many Units of Pressure
1 ATM equals 1.013x105 N/m2
14.7 lbs/in2
1.013 bar
76 cm Hg
760 mm Hg
760 Torr
34 ft H2O
29.9 in Hg
Example: Someone steps on your toe,
exerting a force of 500 N on an area of 1.0
cm2. What is the average pressure on that
area in atmospheres?
2
 1m  4 A 500N
  1.0 10 m
2 2
1.0 cm 
 100 cm  person
weighs
F 500 N about 113
Pav   4
A 1.0 10 m 2 lbs.

2  1 Pa  1 atm 
 5.0 10 N/m 
6
2  
 1 N/m  1.013 10 Pa 
5

 49 atm
Pressure
The pressure at a specific depth in
any fluid is expressed as
P = , where
• P is fluid pressure in Pascal (Pa)
• is density of the fluid, in kilograms per
cubic meter (kg/m3)
• g is gravitational field strength in Newton
per kilogram (N/kg) or meter per second
squared (m/s2)
• d is fluid depth in meter (m)
Example : At the surface of a
freshwater lake, the pressure is 105
kPa. (a) What is the pressure increase
in going 35.0 m below the surface?

P  Patm  gd
P  P  Patm  gd
  
 1000 kg/m 9.8 m/s 35 m 
3 2

 343 kPa  3.4 atm

Barometer
• device that measures
atmospheric pressure.
• Atmosphere (atm) is a unit
of pressure and is equal to
the height of mercury
column it supports.
• 1atm=760mmHg
=101.3 kPa
or 1.013x105 Pa
Absolute Pressure
• the total pressure of the
atmospheric pressure that
includes all objects at the
Earth’s surface
 A woman’s high heels sink into the soft ground,
but the larger shoes of the much bigger man do not.

Pressure = Force/Area
 The pressure exerted on the piston extends uniformly
throughout the fluid, causing it to push outward with equal
force per unit area on the walls and bottom of the cylinder.
Pascal’s Principle:

Any change in the pressure

of a fluid is transmitted
uniformly in all directions
throughout the fluid.
 A small force F1 applied to a piston with a small
area produces a much larger force F2 on the larger
piston. This allows a hydraulic jack to lift heavy objects.
The applied force is
Apply a force F1 here to a
transmitted to the piston of
cross-sectional area A2 piston of cross-sectional
area A1.
here.

In these problems
neglect pressure due
to columns of fluid.
Example: Assume that a force of 500 N
(about 110 lbs) is applied to the smaller
piston in the previous figure. For each
case, compute the force on the larger
piston if the ratio of the piston areas
(A2/A1) are 1, 10, and 100.
Using Pascal’s
Principle: F2
A2 A1
1 500 N
10 5000 N
100 50,000 N
The Continuity Equation—Conservation of
Mass

Faster Slower

The amount of mass that flows

though the cross-sectional area A1 is
the same as the mass that flows
through cross-sectional area A2.
m
 Av is the mass flow rate (units
t kg/s)
V is the volume flow rate (units
 Av
t m3/s)

The continuity
equation is
1 A1v1   2 A2 v2

If the fluid is incompressible, then

1= 2.
Example: A garden hose of inner radius
1.0 cm carries water at 2.0 m/s. The
nozzle at the end has radius 0.20 cm.
How fast does the water move through
the constriction?
A1v1  A2 v2 Simple ratios

 A1   r12 
v2   v1   2 v1
 A2   r2 
2
 1.0 cm 
  2.0 m/s   50 m/s
 0.20 cm 
Bernoulli’s Equation

Bernoulli’s equation is a statement of

energy conservation.
 This is the most general equation

1 2 1 2
P1  gy1  v1  P2  gy2  v2
2 2
Work per Potential
unit Points 1 and 2
energy Kinetic
volume must be on the
per unit energy
done by same
volume per unit
the fluid streamline
volume
Example : A nozzle is connected to a horizontal
hose. The nozzle shoots out water moving at
25 m/s. What is the gauge pressure of the
water in the hose? Neglect viscosity and
assume that the diameter of the nozzle is much
smaller than the inner diameter of the hose.
Let point 1 be inside the hose and
point 2 be outside the nozzle.
1 2 1 2
P1  gy1  v1  P2  gy2  v2
2 2
The hose is horizontal so y1 = y2.
Also P2 = Patm.
Example continued:

1 2 1 2
Substituting: P1  v1  Patm  v2
2 2
1 2 1 2
P1  Patm  v2  v1
2 2

v2 = 25 m/s and v1 is unknown. Use the continuity equation.

  d2 2 
   2
 A2   2   d 
v1   v2    2 v2   2  v2
 A1     d1    d1 
 2 
   

Since d2<<d1 it is true that v1<<v2.

Example continued:

1 2 1 2
P1  Patm  v2  v1
2 2
1
2

2 2
 1 2
  v2  v1  v2
2
Since v1  0
1
 
 1000 kg/m 3 25 m/s 
2
2

 3.1105 Pa