Mathematical Logic

This section deals with the relationship between the

natural language and the mathematical language using
symbols and variables.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. write statements in symbolic forms.
2. write symbolic statements in words.
3. construct a truth table for a given compound statement.
4. Use truth table for logical equivalence.
5. write a conditional statement in other forms.
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic

Symbolic logic is a powerful tool for analysis and communication in mathematics. It represents the natural language
and mathematical language with symbols and variables. The main parts of symbolic logic are statements and
connectives. The following table shows some basic propositional logic with their symbols.

Connectives Propositional Symbols Example Read

Logic
Not Negation
~ ~p Not p (p is false)

And/But conjunction
^ p^q p and q
(both p and q are true)
Or disjunction V pVq p or q
(Either p is true or q is true or
both are true)
Implies conditional p q If p then q (p is True and q is
False, then False)

If and only if biconditional p q p implies q and q implies p

p if and only if q (Both are True
or Both are False, then True)
Tautology – it is a statement which has only the decision value of T or 1.

Contradictory – it is a statement which is always False.

Contingent – it is a statement which is neither a tautology or contradictory.

Logical Equivalence : Two statements are logically equivalent if their statement of

material is equivalence has the only decision value T or 1.

*** The compound proposition p and q are called logical equivalent if p ↔q is a

tautology.
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic

Truth Tables
A logical statement may either be true or false. If the statement is
true, we say that the truth value corresponding to the statement is
true and is denoted by the letter T. If it is false, the statement has a
value denoted by F. The truth table is a summary of all possible
truth values of a statement. Here are some examples.
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic
A. Assertion C. Conjunction
B. Negation
p q p ^q
p p ~p
T T F T T T
F T F F
F T
F T F
F F F
D. Disjunction
E. Conditional F. Biconditional
p q pvq
q p q p q p q
p
T T T T T T
T T T
T F T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T F T F
F F F F F T F F T
Lesson 2.3 Mathematical Logic

p q pvq ~p (p v q) ^ ~p

T T T F F
T F T F F
F T T T T
F F F T F
Logical Equivalence
Two mathematical statements are logically equivalent if the final output of their truth tables are exactly alike.

p q ~p p q ~pvq
Since the last two columns are identical,
the given statements are logically
T T F T T equivalent.
T F F F F Using the above results, the logical
F T T T T content equivalent of “If the price is right
F F T T T then I will accept the job offer” is “The
price is not right or I will accept the job
offer”.
Example 7
Given, s : A polygon has three sides.
t : A polygon is a triangle.
Write the given statement in symbolic form.
“A polygon having three sides is a necessary and sufficient condition for a polygon to be a triangle”

e. Every p is q.
f. q, if p.
g. q provided that p.
h. q is a necessary condition for p.
i. p is a sufficient condition for q.
References:

Aufmann, R., Lockwood,J., Nation, R., Daniel K. Clegg, D. (2014).

Mathematical Excursions, Third Edition. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Calini A., Jurisich E., Shields S. (2008).

Set Theory and Logic, Supplementary Materials.

Jamison, R. E. (2000).
Learning the Language of Mathematics. Language and Learning Across the Disciplines. 4(1), 45-54.

The Language of Mathematics

http://www.onemathematicalcat.org/pdf_files/LANG1.pdf

The Language and Grammar of Mathematics

https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~wtg10/grammar.pdf
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