Magmatism

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Magmatism

What is magmatism?
• Magmatism is a process
under the earth’s crust
where formation and
movement of magma occur.
• The formation and
movement of magma
happen in the lower part of
the Earth’s crust and in the
upper portion of the mantle,
known as asthenosphere.
Magma
• Magma is composed of semi-liquid hot molten
rocks located beneath the Earth
• This molten state, when solidified, creates
igneous rocks found on the surface of the Earth.
• Magma and lava are both molten rocks.
However, they differ in location. Magma is found
in the magma chamber of the volcano while lava
is found on the surface of earth once the volcano
erupts.
Magma
• Magma is a mixture of minerals.

• It also contains small amounts of dissolved


gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
sulfur.

• The high temperatures and pressure under


Earth’s crust keep magma in its fluid state.
3 Types of Magma
•Basaltic
•Andesitic
•Rhyolitic
3 Types of Magma
• Basaltic- Basaltic magma is
high in iron, magnesium,
and calcium but low in
potassium and sodium.
• It ranges in temperature
from about 1000⁰C to
1200⁰C (1832⁰F to
2192⁰F).
3 Types of Magma
• Andesitic- Andesitic magma
has moderate amounts of
these minerals (iron,
magnesium, calcium,
potassium and sodium)
with a temperature range
from about 800⁰C to
1000⁰C (1472⁰F to 1832⁰F).
3 Types of Magma
• Rhyolitic- Rhyolitic magma
is high in potassium and
sodium but low in iron,
magnesium, and calcium.
• It occurs in the
temperature range of
about 650⁰C to 800⁰C
(1202⁰F to 1472⁰F).
Substances/Elements present in
Magma
•Magma compositions vary, but will have
eight main elements in different
proportions.
•The most abundant elements are oxygen
and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron,
calcium, sodium, magnesium, and
potassium.
Substances/Elements present in
Magma
How Magma forms?
• The magma present in the lower crust and upper
mantle of the Earth is formed or generated
through the process of partial melting.
• In this process, different minerals in rock melt at
different temperature and pressure. Another
factor being considered in this process is the
addition of volatile materials such as water and
carbon dioxide.
Partial Melting
Melting in the mantle requires one of
three possible events to occur:
1. AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE: Conduction in
mantle happens when heat is transferred from
hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s cold crust.
This process is known as heat transfer.
As magma rises, it is often hot enough to melt the
rock it touches. It happens at convergent
boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing
together.
1. AN INCREASE IN
TEMPERATURE:
Rocks are composed of minerals.
These rocks start to melt once the
temperature in the lower crust and
upper mantle increases or exceeds
the melting point of minerals. The
temperature of mantle is around
1200 degrees Celsius. Rock minerals
such as quartz and feldspar begin to
partially melt at around 650-850
degrees Celsius.
Melting in the mantle requires one
of three possible events to occur:
2. A DECREASE OF PRESSURE: Mantle rocks
remain solid when exposed to high pressure.
However, during convection, these rocks tend
to go upward (shallower level) and the pressure
is reduced. This triggers the melting of magma.
This is known as decompression melting. This
process occurs at the Mid-Ocean Ridge, an
underwater mountain system.
2. A DECREASE OF PRESSURE:
Melting in the mantle requires one
of three possible events to occur:
3. ADDITION OF VOLATILES: When water or
carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, flux melting
occurs. The melting points of minerals within the
rocks decrease.
If a rock is already close to its melting point, the
effect of adding these volatiles can be enough to
trigger partial melting. It occurs around
subduction zones.
3. ADDITION OF VOLATILES:

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