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    Lecture 4 SE

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    Zarak Khan
    This chapter discusses user-defined simple data types like enumerations, namespaces, and strings in C++. It covers creating and manipulating enumeration types, using the typedef statement, and the namespace mechanism. It also explores string functions like length(), size(), find(), substr(), and swap() for manipulating strings.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture 4 SE

    Uploaded by

    Zarak Khan
    13 views26 pages
    This chapter discusses user-defined simple data types like enumerations, namespaces, and strings in C++. It covers creating and manipulating enumeration types, using the typedef statement, and the namespace mechanism. It also explores string functions like length(), size(), find(), substr(), and swap() for manipulating strings.

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    This chapter discusses user-defined simple data types like enumerations, namespaces, and strings in C++. It covers creating and manipulating enumeration types, using the typedef statement, and the namespace mechanism. It also explores string functions like length(), size(), find(), substr(), and swap() for manipulating strings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views26 pages

    Lecture 4 SE

    Uploaded by

    Zarak Khan
    This chapter discusses user-defined simple data types like enumerations, namespaces, and strings in C++. It covers creating and manipulating enumeration types, using the typedef statement, and the namespace mechanism. It also explores string functions like length(), size(), find(), substr(), and swap() for manipulating strings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    C++ Programming:

    From Problem Analysis


    to Program Design, Fourth Edition
    Chapter 8: User-Defined Simple Data
    Types, Namespaces, and the
    string Type
    Objectives

    In this chapter, you will:


    • Learn how to create and manipulate your own
    simple data type—called the enumeration
    type
    • Become familiar with the typedef statement
    • Learn about the namespace mechanism
    • Explore the string data type, and learn how
    to use the various string functions to
    manipulate strings

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 2


    Enumeration Type

    • Data type: a set of values together with a set


    of operations on those values
    • To define a new simple data type, called
    enumeration type, we need three things:
    − A name for the data type
    − A set of values for the data type
    − A set of operations on the values

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 3


    Enumeration Type (continued)

    • A new simple data type can be defined by


    specifying its name and the values, but not
    the operations
    − The values must be identifiers
    • Syntax:

    − value1, value2, … are identifiers called


    enumerators
    − value1 < value2 < value3 <...

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 4


    Enumeration Type (continued)

    • Enumeration type is an ordered set of values


    • If a value has been used in one enumeration
    type it can’t be used by another in same block
    • The same rules apply to enumeration types
    declared outside of any blocks

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 5


    Enumeration Type (continued)

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 6


    Declaring Variables

    • Syntax:

    • For example, given the following definition:

    we can declare the following variables:

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 8


    Assignment

    • The statement:
    popularSport = FOOTBALL;
    stores FOOTBALL into popularSport
    • The statement:
    mySport = popularSport;
    copies the value of the popularSport into
    mySport

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 9


    Operations on Enumeration Types

    • No arithmetic operations are allowed on


    enumeration types

    • ++ and -- are illegal too:

    • Solution: use a static cast:

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 10


    Relational Operators

    • An enumeration type is an ordered set of


    values:

    • Enumeration type is an integer data type and


    can be used in loops:

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 11


    Input /Output of Enumeration
    Types
    • I/O are defined only for built-in data types
    − Enumeration type cannot be input/output
    (directly)

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 12


    Functions and Enumeration Types

    • Enumeration types can be passed as


    parameters to functions either by value or by
    reference
    • A function can return a value of the
    enumeration type

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 13


    Declaring Variables When
    Defining the Enumeration Type
    • You can declare variables of an enumeration
    type when you define an enumeration type:

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 14


    Anonymous Data Types
    • Anonymous type : values are directly
    specified in the declaration, with no type name

    • Drawbacks:
    − Cannot pass/return an anonymous type to/from
    a function
    − Values used in one type can be used in
    another, but are treated differently:

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 15


    typedef Statement
    • You can create synonyms or aliases to a data
    type using the typedef statement
    • Syntax:

    • typedef does not create any new data types


    − Creates an alias to an existing data type

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 16


    Namespaces

    • ANSI/ISO standard C++ was officially


    approved in July 1998
    • Most of the recent compilers are also
    compatible with ANSI/ISO standard C++
    • For the most part, standard C++ and
    ANSI/ISO standard C++ are the same
    − However, ANSI/ISO Standard C++ has some
    features not available in Standard C++

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 17


    Namespaces (continued)
    • Global identifiers in a header file used in a
    program become global in the program
    − Syntax error occurs if an identifier in a
    program has the same name as a global
    identifier in the header file
    • Same problem can occur with third-party
    libraries
    − Common solution: third-party vendors begin
    their global identifiers with _ (underscore)
    • Do not begin identifiers in your program with _

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 18


    Namespaces (continued)

    • ANSI/ISO Standard C++ attempts to solve


    this problem with the namespace mechanism
    • Syntax:

    where a member is usually a variable


    declaration, a named constant, a function, or
    another namespace

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 19


    Namespaces (continued)

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 20


    Namespaces (continued)
    • The scope of a namespace member is local
    to the namespace
    • Ways a namespace member can be
    accessed outside the namespace:

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 21


    Accessing a namespace Member
    • Examples:
    globalType::RATE
    globalType::printResult();
    • After the using statement, it is not necessary
    to precede the namespace_name:: before
    the namespace member
    − Unless a namespace member and a global
    identifier or a block identifier have same name

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 22


    Summary
    • Enumeration type: set of ordered values
    − Created with reserved word enum creates an
    enumeration type
    • No arithmetic operations are allowed on the
    enumeration type
    • Relational operators can be used with enum
    values
    • Enumeration type values cannot be input or
    output directly

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 23


    Summary (continued)
    • Anonymous type: a variable’s values are
    specified without any type name
    • Reserved word typedef creates synonyms
    or aliases to previously defined data types
    • The namespace mechanism is a feature of
    ANSI/ISO Standard C++
    • A namespace member is usually a named
    constant, variable, function, or another
    namespace

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 24


    Summary (continued)
    • Keyword namespace must appear in the
    using statement
    • A string is a sequence of zero or more
    characters
    • Strings in C++ are enclosed in ""
    • In C++, [] is the array subscript operator
    • The function length returns the number of
    characters currently in the string

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 25


    Summary (continued)

    • The function size returns the number of


    characters currently in the string
    • The function find searches a string to locate
    the first occurrence of a particular substring
    • The function substr returns a particular
    substring of a string
    • The function swap is used to swap the
    contents of two string variables

    C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 26

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