The Equivalence of A Statement

Grade 8
The Equivalence of a Statement

Prepared by: Katherine S. Sanchez
OBJECTIVE
1. Illustrate the equivalence of the statements and
its contrapositive.
2. Illustrate the equivalence of the converse and
inverse of a statement.
LESSON
In the previous self-learning module, you have
learned about conditional, converse, inverse, and
contrapositive statements.
For this self-learning module, we will evaluate each

of those statements as true or false. With that, we will also
determine which of these four statements are logically
equivalent statements.
Let us consider the statement:
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙 𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.
Let us give the conditional, converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the given
statement. Let us apply our knowledge we have gained from the previous self-
learning module.
CONDITIONAL(𝒑 → 𝒒):
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
CONVERSE(𝒒 → 𝒑):
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
INVERSE(~𝒑 → ~𝒒):
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
CONTRAPOSTITIVE(~𝒒 → ~𝒑):
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒.
Let us check whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE.
Consider the conditional statement:

𝐼 𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙 𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖 𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙 𝑒, 𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
The conditional statement is true since we know that a rectangle is a
parallelogram.
How about the Converse of the statement?

𝐼 𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙 𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖 𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚, 𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙 𝑒.
The statement is false since not all parallelograms are rectangles. We have square
and rhombus. Since not all parallelograms are rectangles the converse of the
conditional statement is false.
Remember that a statement is considered FALSE if we can give a counter
example of it. In this case, citing the square and rhombus as a parallelogram is a
counter example of the statement.
Let us consider the Inverse of the statement:
𝐼 𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙 𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖 𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙 𝑒,𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚.
From the statement, we can think of a counter example of a polygon which is not
a rectangle but a parallelogram. Thinking of square and rhombus, we can say that
the statement is FALSE. Since square and rhombus are also parallelogram.
Now let us consider the contrapositive of the statement:

𝐼 𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙 𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑖 𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙 𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚,𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙 𝑒.
Thinking of a polygon which is not a parallelogram, we cannot think of a
rectangle since we know that a rectangle is a parallelogram. And with that we can
say that the statement is TRUE.
Let us summarize the statements we have in the table below.
Let us have another statement:
𝐼 𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑖 𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑖 𝑟𝑑,𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑙 𝑦.
From the statement, we can think of a counter example of
a bird that cannot fly. Consider the penguins. Penguins are
birds but they cannot fly so we can say that the above
statement is a false statement.
Let us take the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the

statement and identify whether it is true or false.
Statement:
𝐼 𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑖 𝑠 𝑎 𝑏𝑖 𝑟𝑑,𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑙 𝑦.
STATEMENTS TRUE/FALSE
CONDITIONAL If an animal is a bird, FALSE
then it can fly.
CONVERSE If an animal can fly, then TRUE
it is a bird.
INVERSE If an animal is not a TRUE
bird, then it cannot fly.
CONTRAPOSITIVE If an animal cannot fly, FALSE
then it is not a bird.
From the statements above and the previous examples, what
have you noticed about the relationship between the four
statements?
We can say that conditional statements are logically

equivalent to its contrapositive statements. It means that if our
conditional statement is TRUE it will follow that the
contrapositive of that statement is also TRUE. The same thing
goes with the converse and the inverse of the statement, they are
also logically equivalent. It means that if the converse of the
statement is TRUE, it will follow that the inverse is also TRUE.

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Grade 8

The Equivalence of a Statement

For this self-learning module, we will evaluate each

Consider the conditional statement:

How about the Converse of the statement?

Now let us consider the contrapositive of the statement:

Let us take the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the

We can say that conditional statements are logically

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