Basics of Electrical Machines

Electrical Machines
Basics and Fundamentals

Definition:
An electrical machine is a ”device which
converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy or vice versa.”
•Electrical machines also include transformers,
which do not actually make conversion between
mechanical and electrical form but they convert
AC current from one voltage level to another
voltage level.
History of Motor:
•In 1821, British scientist Michael Faraday explained

the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
•Based on his principal the most primitive of machines

a DC (Direct Current) machine was designed by
another British scientist William Sturgeon in the year
1832.
•Later in the year 1886, the first electrical motor was

invented by scientist Frank Julian Sprague.
Classification of Electric Machines:
Classification of Electric Machines:
•An Electrical machines is broadly classified in to two types:-
•Static Machines: In static machines Refers to stationary machines i.e., transformer
which may be single or three phase transformers.
•Rotating Machines: In dynamic machines refers to both DC and AC Machines
•Electric Generator:
An electric generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. A generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction
AC Generator (converts mechanical energy into Alternating Current (AC) electricity)
DC Generator (converts mechanical energy into Direct Current (DC) electricity)
•Electric Motor:
A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
Just like generators, motors also consist of two basic parts, stator and rotor.
AC motors: (i)Induction motors and (ii) Synchronous motor
DC motors: (i) Brushed DC motor and (ii) Brushless DC motor
•Transformers:
Transformers do not actually make conversion between mechanical and electrical
energy, but they transfer electric power from one circuit to another circuit.
They can increase or decrease (step-up or step-down) the voltage while transferring
the power without changing the frequency, but with the corresponding decrease or
increase in the current.
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
•Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction explains the relationship between electric
circuit and magnetic field.
•This law is the basic working principle of the most of the electrical motors, generators,
transformers, inductors etc.
•Faraday's first law:

•Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an EMF gets induced across
the conductor (called as induced emf), and if the conductor is a closed circuit then induced
current flows through it.
•Magnetic field can be varied by various methods -
1. By moving magnet
2. By moving the coil
3. By rotating the coil relative to magnetic field
Faraday's second law:
Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction states that, the magnitude of induced
emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages with the coil. The flux linkages is the
product of number of turns and the flux associated with the coil.
Phenomenon of Mutual Induction
•Alternating current flowing in a coil produces alternating magnetic field
around it.
•When two or more coils are magnetically linked to each other, then an
alternating current flowing through one coil causes an induced emf across
the other linked coils.
•This phenomenon is called as mutual induction.
•When electromagnetic field is produced in a coil due to a change in current

in a coupled coil this effect we will call a Mutual Inductance.
•A phenomenon of interaction of a magnetic field with an electric circuit
(Faraday’s law of induction) called Electromagnetic Induction.
Induction Motor:
•A three phase Induction motor mainly consists of two parts called as

the Stator and the Rotor.
• The stator is the stationary part of the induction motor, and the rotor
is the rotating part.
•The construction of the stator is similar to the three-phase

synchronous motor, and the construction of rotor is different for the
different machine.
Construction of Induction Motor:
Construction of Stator:
•The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses.
• It has three main parts, namely outer frame, the stator core and a stator winding.
•Outer frame-It is the outer body of the motor.
• Its main function is to support the stator core and to protect the inner parts of the
machine.
•The stator core is built of high-grade silicon steel stampings.
•Its main function is to carry the alternating magnetic field which produces hysteresis and
eddy current losses.
•The stampings are fixed to the stator frame.
• Each stamping are insulated from the other with a thin varnish layer.
•The thickness of the stamping usually varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm.
• Slots are punched on the inner side of the stampings as shown in the figure below
Construction of Induction Motor:
Construction of Rotor
•The rotor is also built of thin laminations of the same material as the stator.
•The laminated cylindrical core is mounted directly on the shaft.
•These laminations are slotted on the outer side to receive the conductors.
•There are two types of rotor.
• Squirrel Cage Rotor
• Slip Ring Rotor or Phase Wound Rotor
Working Principle of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor:
•When a 3 phase supply is given to the stator winding it sets
up a rotating magnetic field in space. This rotating magnetic
field has a speed which is known as the synchronous speed.
•This rotating magnetic field induces the voltage in rotor
bars and hence short-circuit currents start flowing in the rotor
bars.
•These rotor currents generate their self-magnetic field
which will interact with the field of the stator.
•Slip is a measure of the difference between the speed of the
rotating magnetic field and rotor speed. The frequency of the
rotor current = slip × supply frequency

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Electrical Machines

Basics and Fundamentals

•In 1821, British scientist Michael Faraday explained

•Based on his principal the most primitive of machines

•Later in the year 1886, the first electrical motor was

•Faraday's first law:

•When electromagnetic field is produced in a coil due to a change in current

•A three phase Induction motor mainly consists of two parts called as

•The construction of the stator is similar to the three-phase

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