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Lesson 14 Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP. It occurs through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose into carbon dioxide and water, yielding the most ATP. It takes place in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration ferments glucose into other molecules without oxygen, producing less ATP.

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194 views18 pages

Lesson 14 Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP. It occurs through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose into carbon dioxide and water, yielding the most ATP. It takes place in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration ferments glucose into other molecules without oxygen, producing less ATP.

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Ginalyn Quimson
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cellular

Respiration
General Biology
Cellular Respiration
a set of metabolic reactions occurring
inside the cells to convert
biochemical energy obtained from
the food into a chemical compound
called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Metabolism
refers to a set of chemical reactions carried out
for maintaining the living state of the cells in
an organism. These can be divided into two
categories:
1. Catabolism – the process of breaking
molecules to obtain energy.
2. Anabolism – the process of synthesizing
all compounds required by the cells.
Types of Cellular
Respiration
1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
 it is the process of cellular respiration that
takes place in the presence of oxygen gas
to produce energy from food
 type of respiration is common in most of the
plants and animals, birds, humans, and other
mammals.
 In this process, water, carbon dioxide and
ATP are produced as end products..
Aerobic Respiration

• In Photosynthesis, plants make glucose.


• In ACR, glucose are broken down to produce ATP
• ACR follows 3 steps.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration in
Eukaryotic cell
STEP 1. Glycolysis
 Takes place inside the cytoplasm
 Does not require oxygen (Considered as Anaerobic)
 the glucose molecules are splitting and separated
into two ATP and two NADH molecules, which
are later used in the process of aerobic
respiration.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration in
Eukaryotic cell
STEP 1. Glycolysis
Intermediate Step
 2 Pyruvate are transported by active transport into the
mitochondria (specifically, mitochondrial matrix) where it
will be oxidized.
 2 pyruvate will be converted to 2 Acetyl COA
 Carbon dioxide is released, and 2 NADH are produced.
 What is NADH? A coenzyme, has the ability to transfer
electrons which will be very useful in making ATP
Aerobic Cellular Respiration in
Eukaryotic cell
STEP II. Krebs Cycle
 Also known as Citric Acid Cycle
 Still happening in the mitochondria
 Doesn’t directly consume oxygen, some of the events
in the cycle needs oxygen to continue
 Carbon dioxide are released. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2
FADH is produced
 FADH is also a coenzyme that will also assist in
transferring electrons to make even more ATP.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration in
Eukaryotic cell

STEP III. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis


 Still happening in the mitochondria, specifically the
inner mitochondrial membrane
 Required oxygen
 A complex process
 Electrons are transferred from the NADH and FADH
to protein complexes and electron carriers
Aerobic Cellular Respiration in
Eukaryotic cell
STEP III. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
 Electrons are used to generate a proton gradient as
protons are pumped across the intermembrane space
 In chemiosmosis, the protons travelled down their
electrochemical gradient through a portion of the ATP
synthase, powering it to make ATP
 Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons.
Aerobic Cellular Respiration in
Eukaryotic cell
STEP III. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
 When oxygen combines with 2 hydrogens, water is produced
 Step III produced more ATP compared to the other 2 steps
 Estimated range in producing ATP is from 26 to 34 molecule
of ATP per glucose molecule in the electron transport and
chemiosmosis ALONE.
 Adding the other two steps, 30 to 38 net ATP molecules per
glucose molecule
Anaerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic means “without air”.
 this type of cellular respiration does not use oxygen
to produce energy
 Sometimes there is not enough oxygen around for
some organisms to respire, but they still need the
energy to survive.
 Undergo the same steps with Aerobic but with
Sulfate instead of Oxygen as the final acceptor of
electrons
Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
Is the way to be able to handle the little to no oxygen
Allows the glycolysis to happen
Cannot make more ATP in this process
Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Glucose is converted to pyruvate
Per glucose, 2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP and 2 NADH
NOTE: NADH and ATP are reduced from NAD+ and
ADP. Remember the LEO GER pneumonic, Lose
Electrons = Oxidize, Gain Electrons = Reduced
Two Types of Fermentation to Regenerate NAD+
Method 1: Alcoholic Fermentation
 Done by some types of yeast
 2 pyruvate is used and will produce carbon dioxide
and 2 ethanol
 2 acetaldehyde, a derivative of pyruvate can act as the
electron acceptor to oxidize 2 NADH and regenerate
2 NAD+
The carbon dioxide product is involved in helping the
bread rise. The alcohol will then evaporate during the
baking.
Two Types of Fermentation to Regenerate NAD+
Method 2: Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Done by cells like muscle cells
 2 pyruvate will yield 2 lactate. Pyruvate will act as
the electron acceptor allowing 2 NADH to be
oxidized and regenerate 2 NAD+
 The lactate product is blamed for muscle sore after an
intense exercise

Lactic Acid Fermentation also done by bacteria involved


in making yogurt and contribute to its sour taste

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