Operators

Operators
Operator is a symbol that performs certain operations.
Python provides the following set of operators
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators or Comparison Operators
3. Logical operators
4. Bitwise oeprators
5. Assignment operators
6. Special operators
1. Arithmetic Operators:
+ ==>Addition
- ==>Subtraction
* ==>Multiplication
/ ==>Division operator
% ===>Modulo operator
// ==>Floor Division operator
** ==>Exponent operator or power operator
1) a=10 Output: Eg:
2) b=2 1) Python test.py or py 1) a = 10.5
3) print('a+b=',a+b) test.py 2) b=2
4) print('a-b=',a-b) 2) a+b= 12 3)
5) print('a*b=',a*b) 3) a-b= 8 4) a+b= 12.5
6) print('a/b=',a/b) 4) a*b= 20 5) a-b= 8.5
7) print('a//b=',a//b) 5) a/b= 5.0 6) a*b= 21.0
8) print('a%b=',a%b) 6) a//b= 5 7) a/b= 5.25
9) print('a**b=',a**b) 7) a%b= 0 8) a//b= 5.0
8) a**b= 100 9) a%b= 0.5
10) a**b= 110.25

Eg:
10/2==>5.0
10//2==>5
10.0/2===>5.0
10.0//2===>5.0
Note: / operator always performs floating point arithmetic. Hence it will always
returns
float value.
But Floor division (//) can perform both floating point and integral arithmetic. If
arguments are int type then result is int type. If atleast one argument is float type
then
 Relational Operators:
>,>=,<,<= We can apply relational Eg:
Eg 1: operators for str types also 1) print(True>True) False
1) a=10 Eg 2: 2) print(True>=True) True
2) b=20 1) a="durga" 3) print(10 >True) True
3) print("a > b is ",a>b) 2) b="durga" 4) print(False > True) False
4) print("a >= b is ",a>=b) 3) print("a > b is ",a>b) 5)
5) print("a < b is ",a<b) 4) print("a >= b is ",a>=b) 6) print(10>'durga')
6) print("a <= b is ",a<=b) 5) print("a < b is ",a<b) 7) TypeError: '>' not
7) 6) print("a <= b is ",a<=b) supported between
8) a > b is False 7) instances of 'int' and 'str'
9) a >= b is False 8) a > b is False
10) a < b is True 9) a >= b is True
11) a <= b is True 10) a < b is False
11) a <= b is True
 Relational Operators:

Eg: Note: Chaining of relational Eg:

1) a=10 operators is possible. In the 1) 10<20 ==>True
2) b=20 chaining, if all comparisons 2) 10<20<30 ==>True
3) if(a>b): returns True then only 3) 10<20<30<40 ==>True
4) print("a is greater than result is True. If atleast one 4) 10<20<30<40>50
b") comparison returns False ==>False
5) else: then the
6) print("a is not greater result is False
than b")
Output a is not greater
than b
 equality operators:
== , !=
We can apply these operators for any type even for incompatible types also
1) >>> 10==20
2) False
3) >>> 10!= 20
4) True
5) >>> 10==True
6) False
7) >>> False==False
8) True
9) >>> “Ravi"==“Ravi"
10) True
11) >>> 10==“Ravi"
12) False
Note: Chaining concept is applicable for equality operators. If atleast one comparison
returns False then the result is False. otherwise the result is True.
Eg:
1) >>> 10==20==30==40
2) False
3) >>> 10==10==10==10
4) True
 Logical Operators:
and, or ,not
We can apply for all types.
For boolean types behaviour:
and ==>If both arguments are True then only result is True
or ====>If atleast one arugemnt is True then result is True
not ==>complement
True and False ==>False
True or False ===>True
not False ==>True
For non-boolean types behaviour:
0 means False
non-zero means True
empty string is always treated as False
x and y:
==>if x is evaluates to false return x otherwise return y
 Logical Operators:
• Eg:
• 10 and 20
• 0 and 20
• If first argument is zero then result is zero otherwise result is y
• x or y:
• If x evaluates to True then result is x otherwise result is y
• 10 or 20 ==> 10
• 0 or 20 ==> 20
• not x:
• If x is evalutates to False then result is True otherwise False
• not 10 ==>False
• not 0 ==>True
• Eg:
• 1) “Ravi" and “Chandra" ==>”Chandra”
• 2) "" and "durga" ==>""
• 3) "durga" and "" ==>""
• 4) "" or "durga" ==>"durga"
• 5) "durga" or ""==>"durga"
• 6) not ""==>True
• 7) not "durga" ==>False
 Bitwise Operators:
We can apply these operators bitwise.
These operators are applicable only for int and boolean types.
By mistake if we are trying to apply for any other type then we will get Error.
&,|,^,~,<<,>>
print(4&5) ==>valid
print(10.5 & 5.6) ==>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for &: 'float' and 'float'
print(True & True) ==>valid
& ==> If both bits are 1 then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
| ==> If atleast one bit is 1 then result is 1 otherwise result is 0
^ ==>If bits are different then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
~ ==>bitwise complement operator
1==>0 & 0==>1
<< ==>Bitwise Left shift
>> ==>Bitwise Right Shift
• print(4&5) ==>4
• print(4|5) ==>5
• print(4^5) ==>1
 bitwise complement operator(~):
• We have to apply complement for total bits.
• Eg: print(~5) ==>-6
• Note:
• The most significant bit acts as sign bit. 0 value
represents +ve number where as 1
• represents -ve value.
• positive numbers will be represented directly in
the memory where as -ve numbers will be
• represented indirectly in 2's complement form.
 Shift Operators:
• << Left shift operator
• After shifting the empty cells we have to fill with
zero
• print(10<<2)==>40
• >> Right Shift operator
• After shifting the empty cells we have to fill with
sign bit.( 0 for +ve and 1 for -ve)
• print(10>>2) ==>2
 bitwise operators:
• We can apply bitwise operators for boolean
types also
• print(True & False) ==>False
• print(True | False) ===>True
• print(True ^ False) ==>True
• print(~True) ==>-2
• print(True<<2) ==>4
• print(True>>2) ==>0
 Assignment operators
• We can use assignment operator to assign value to the variable.
• Eg:
• x=10
• We can combine asignment operator with some other operator to form
compound assignment operator.
• Eg: x+=10 ====> x = x+10
The following is the list of all possible >>=
compound assignment operators in <<=
Python Eg:
+= 1) x=10
-= 2) x+=20
*= 3) print(x) ==>30
/= Eg:
%= 1) x=10
//= 2) x&=5
**= 3) print(x) ==>0
&=
|=
^=
 Ternary Operator:
Syntax:
x = firstValue if condition else secondValue
If condition is True then firstValue will be considered else secondValue will be
considered.
Eg 1:
1) a,b=10,20
2) x=30 if a<b else 40
3) print(x) #30
Eg 2: Read two numbers from the keyboard and print minimum value
1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) min=a if a<b else b
4) print("Minimum Value:",min)
Output:
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:30
Minimum Value: 10
Note: Nesting of ternary operator is possible.
Q. Program for minimum of 3 numbers
1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
4) min=a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
5) print("Minimum Value:",min)

Q. Program for maximum of 3 numbers

1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
4) max=a if a>b and a>c else b if b>c else c
5) print("Maximum Value:",max)

Eg:
1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) print("Both numbers are equal" if a==b else "First Number is Less than Second Number" if
a<b else "First Number Greater than Second Number")
Output:
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:10
Both numbers are equal
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
First Number is Less than Second Number
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter First Number:20
Enter Second Number:10
First Number Greater than Second Number
 Special operators:
Python defines the following 2 special operators
1. Identity Operators
2. Membership operators
1. Identity Operators
We can use identity operators for address comparison.
2 identity operators are available
1. is
2. is not
r1 is r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are pointing to the same
object
r1 is not r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are not pointing to the
same object
 Special Operators
Eg: Eg: Eg:
1) a=10 1) a=“Ravi" 1)
2) b=10 2) b=“Ravi" list1=["one","two","three"
3) print(a is b) True 3) print(id(a)) ]
4) x=True 4) print(id(b)) 2)
5) y=True 5) print(a is b)- True list2=["one","two","three"
6) print( x is y) True ]
3) print(id(list1))
4) print(id(list2))
5) print(list1 is list2) False
6) print(list1 is not list2)
True
7) print(list1 == list2) True
Note:
We can use is operator for address comparison where as == operator for content
comparison.
 2. Membership operators:
We can use Membership operators to check whether the given object present in the
given collection.(It may be String,List,Set,Tuple or Dict)

in  Returns True if the given object present in the specified Collection

not in  Retruns True if the given object not present in the specified Collection

Eg: Eg:
1) x="hello learning Python is very 1)
easy!!!" list1=["sunny",“daany",“honey","pinky"]
2) print('h' in x) True 2) print("sunny" in list1) True
3) print('d' in x) False 3) print("tunny" in list1) False
4) print('d' not in x) True 4) print("tunny" not in list1) True
5) print('Python' in x) True
 Operator Precedence:
If multiple operators present then The following list describes operator
which operator will be evaluated precedence in Python
first is decided by ()  Parenthesis
operator precedence. **  exponential operator
Eg: ~,- Bitwise complement operator,unary
print(3+10*2)  23 minus operator
print((3+10)*2) 26 *,/,%,// multiplication,division,modulo,floor
Eg: division
1) a=30 +,- addition,subtraction
2) b=20
3) c=10 <<,>>  Left and Right Shift
4) d=5 &  bitwise And
5) print((a+b)*c/d) 100.0 ^  Bitwise X-OR
6) print((a+b)*(c/d)) 100.0 |  Bitwise OR
7) print(a+(b*c)/d) 70.0 >,>=,<,<=, ==, != ==>Relational or Comparison
9) operators
10) 3/2*4+3+(10/5)**3-2 =,+=,-=,*=... ==>Assignment operators
11) 3/2*4+3+2.0**3-2 is , is not  Identity Operators
12) 3/2*4+3+8.0-2 in , not in  Membership operators
13) 1.5*4+3+8.0-2 not  Logical not
14) 6.0+3+8.0-2 and Logical and
15) 15.0 or Logical or
 Mathematical Functions (math Module)
• A Module is collection of functions, variables and classes etc.
• math is a module that contains several functions to perform mathematical operations
• If we want to use any module in Python, first we have to import that module.
• import math
• Once we import a module then we can call any function of that module.
• import math
• print(math.sqrt(16))
• print(math.pi)
• 4.0
• 3.141592653589793
• We can create alias name by using as keyword.
• import math as m
• Once we create alias name, by using that we can access functions and variables of that
• module
• import math as m
• print(m.sqrt(16))
• print(m.pi)
• We can import a particular member of a module explicitly as follows
• from math import sqrt
• from math import sqrt,pi
• If we import a member explicitly then it is not required to use module name while
• accessing.
• from math import sqrt,pi
• print(sqrt(16))
• print(pi)
• print(math.pi)  NameError: name 'math' is not defined
 Mathematical Functions (math Module)
• important functions of math module:
• ceil(x)
• floor(x)
• pow(x,y)
• factorial(x)
• trunc(x)
• gcd(x,y)
• sin(x)
• cos(x)
• tan(x)
• ....
• important variables of math module:
• pi3.14
• e===>2.71
• inf ==>infinity
• nan ==>not a number
• Q. Write a Python program to find area of circle
• pi*r**2
• from math import pi
• r=16
• print("Area of Circle is :",pi*r**2)
• OutputArea of Circle is : 804.247719318987