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Chapter 4

This chapter discusses analog transmission of digital data. It covers digital to analog conversion techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). These modulation techniques manipulate characteristics of a carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent the digital data. The chapter also examines the bandwidth requirements of different modulation schemes and provides examples of calculating bit rates and carrier frequencies.

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34 views23 pages

Chapter 4

This chapter discusses analog transmission of digital data. It covers digital to analog conversion techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). These modulation techniques manipulate characteristics of a carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent the digital data. The chapter also examines the bandwidth requirements of different modulation schemes and provides examples of calculating bit rates and carrier frequencies.

Uploaded by

ahmed2222
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Analog Transmission

5.1
Objectives

 Understand the concept of converting Digital Data to Analog Signal.


 Learn various modulation techniques.
 Differentiate between modulation techniques ASK,PSK and FSK

1.2
5-1 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION

Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of


changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.

Topics discussed in this section:


 Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
 Amplitude Shift Keying
 Frequency Shift Keying
 Phase Shift Keying
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

5.3
Digital to Analog Conversion
 Digital data needs to be carried on an
analog signal.
 A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs
the function of transporting the digital
data in an analog waveform.
 The analog carrier signal is manipulated
to uniquely identify the digital data
being carried.

5.4
Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog conversion

5.5
Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog conversion

5.6
Note

Bit rate, N, is the number of bits per


second (bps). Baud rate is the number
of signal
elements per second (bauds).
In the analog transmission of digital
data, the signal or baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
S=Nx1/r bauds
Where r is the number of data bits per
signal element.
5.7
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 ASK is implemented by changing the
amplitude of a carrier signal to reflect
amplitude levels in the digital signal.
 For example: a digital “1” could not affect the
signal, whereas a digital “0” would, by
making it zero.
 The line encoding will determine the values of
the analog waveform to reflect the digital
data being carried.

5.8
Bandwidth of ASK

 The bandwidth B of ASK is proportional


to the signal rate S.
B = (1+d)S
 “d” is due to modulation and filtering,
lies between 0 and 1.

5.9
Figure 5.3 Binary amplitude shift keying

5.10
Figure 5.4 Implementation of binary ASK

5.11
Example 5.3

We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which


spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using ASK with d = 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located
at 250 kHz. This means that our carrier
frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz. We can
use the formula for bandwidth to find
the bit rate (with d = 1 and r = 1).

5.12
Frequency Shift Keying

 The digital data stream changes the


frequency of the carrier signal, fc.
 For example, a “1” could be
represented by f1=fc +f, and a “0”
could be represented by f2=fc-f.

5.13
Figure 5.6 Binary frequency shift keying

5.14
Bandwidth of FSK

 If the difference between the two


frequencies (f1 and f2) is 2f, then the
required BW B will be:
B = (1+d)xS +2f

5.15
Example 5.5

We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which


spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using FSK with d = 1?
Solution
This problem is similar to Example 5.3,
but we are modulating by using FSK. The
midpoint of the band is at 250 kHz. We
choose 2Δf to be 50 kHz; this means

5.16
Phase Shift Keyeing

 We vary the phase shift of the carrier


signal to represent digital data.
 The bandwidth requirement, B is:
B = (1+d)xS
 PSK is much more robust than ASK as it
is not that vulnerable to noise, which
changes amplitude of the signal.

5.17
Figure 5.9 Binary phase shift keying

5.18
Figure 5.10 Implementation of BASK

5.19
Quadrature PSK

 To increase the bit rate, we can code 2 or


more bits onto one signal element.
 In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that
every two incoming bits are split up and PSK
a carrier frequency. One carrier frequency is
phase shifted 90o from the other - in
quadrature.
 The two PSKed signals are then added to
produce one of 4 signal elements. L = 4 here.

5.20
Figure 5.11 QPSK and its implementation

5.21
Example 5.7

Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12


Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.

Solution
For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element. This
means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is S = N ×
(1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we have B = S = 6
MHz.

5.22
Note

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a


combination of ASK and PSK.

5.23

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