Concept of composite materials,

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Advanced Composite Materials

Definition: An advanced composite

material comprises at least two
chemically different materials
(heterogeneity): reinforcement, and a
matrix that binds the reinforcement
and is separated from it by a sharp
interface.
Phases of the composites

Matrix Phase: Polymers, Metals,

Ceramics, continuous phase,
surrounds other phase (e.g.: metal,
ceramic, or polymer)
Reinforcement Phase: Fibers,
Particles, or Flakes, dispersed phase,
discontinuous
phase (e.g.: metal, ceramic, or polymer)
ƒ
→ Interface between matrix and
reinforcement

The Main Characteristics of

Composite Materials

Heterogeneity: Non-uniformity of the

chemical/physical structure
Anisotropy: Direction dependence of
the physical properties
Symmetry: Tensorial nature of
material properties
Hierarchy: Stacking of individual
structural units
Role of matrix and reinforcement

Holds the fibres together.

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Protects the fibres from environment.
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The matrix must stand up to the

service conditions, viz., temperature,
humidity, exposure to ultra-violet
environment, exposure to chemical
atmosphere, abrasion by dust particles,
Classification of Composites
etc.
Composite materials are commonly classified at following two distinct levels:
The first level of classification

This is usually made with respect to the matrix constituent. The major composite
classes include:
(1) Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs),

(i) Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)

(ii)Carbon matrix composites (carbon-carbon composites)

(2) ) Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)

(3) ) Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs)

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Classifications of
Composites
The second level of
classification

This refers to the

reinforcement form
(1) ) Fibre reinforced composites

(i) Discontinuous fibres

(ii)Continuous fibres

(2) Laminar reinforced composites

(3) ) Particulate reinforced composites

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Figure.5.3.Continuous &discontinuous Kevlar fibers

fiber
Fibre-Reinforced composites

Fibre-reinforced composites are those in which the dispersed phase is in the form of a
fiber. In fibre-reinforced composites, high-strength fibres are encased within a tough
matrix. The greatest reinforcing effect is obtained when fibers are continuous and
parallel to one another, and maximum strength is obtained when the composite is
stressed in tension in a direction parallel to the line of fibers.
When such a composite is stressed within the elastic range, the strain developed in
both fibers and matrix will be the same.
If fibers are discontinuous, their strengthening effect will be less than that of
continuous fibers. Also short discontinuous fibers will be considerably less
effective than long fibers. Most fibre-reinforced components provide improved
strength, fatigue resistance, stiffness and strength-to-weight ratio.

Characteristics of fibre-Reinforced composites

Low relative density and hence high specific strength and modulus of elasticity.
Good resistance to corrosion
Good fatigue resistance, particularly parallel to fibre direction
Generally low coefficient of thermal expansion

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Many factors influence the characteristics of fibre-reinforced composites

The length, diameter, orientation, amount and properties of the fibers.

The properties of the matrix
The bonding between the fibers and matrix

Fibre and matrix materials

Some of the commonly used fibre and matrix materials in the fibre-reinforced
composites are listed below:

S.No Fibre materials Matrix materials

1. Polymers(Kevlar,nylon, polyethylene)
Thermosetting resins
(Polyesterresins,epoxide resins)
2. Metals(Be,Boron,W)
Thermoplastics(PA,
PAI,PBT,PET,PES,PPS,PEEK)
3. Glass(E-glass, S-glass)
Metal matrices(Al,Ti,Mg,Crand
Ni together with their alloys)
4. Carbon(high strength, high modulus) Composite matrices
5. Ceramics(Al2O3, B4 C, SiC, ZrO2 )
6. Whiskers(Al2O3,Cr,graphite,SiC,Si3N4)

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Examples

Some of the important fibre-

reinforced composites and their typical
S.No composite Typical applications
applications are given below:
Fibre-reinforced
system
1. Borsic aluminium
Fan blades in engines, other aircraft and
aerospace applications
2. Kevlar-
Kevlar-epoxyand Aircraft, aerospace applications(space
Polyester shuttle), boat hulls, sporting
goods(tennis rackets, golf club shafts,
fishing rods), flak jackets
3. Graphite-polymer
Aerospace and automotive applications,
sporting goods
4. Glass-polymer
Light weight automotive applications,
wear and marine applications, corrosion-
resistant applications, sporting goods
equipment, aircraft and aerospace
components

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites

"A matrix of polymeric material that is reinforced by fibers or other reinforcing

material”
Laminar Composites

They are composed of layers of materials held together by matrix. Sandwich

structures fall under this category.
Particulate Composites

They are composed of particles distributed or embedded in a matrix body. The

particles may be flakes or in powder form.

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Example

Concrete -hard particles (gravel)

+ cement (ceramic/ceramic
composite). Properties determined by
particle size distribution, quantity
and matrix formulation
Electrical contacts (silver/tungsten
for conductivity and wear resistance)
Cast aluminium with SiC particles
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs)

A metal matrix composite (MMC) is

a type of composite material with at
least two constituent parts, one being a
metal. The other material may be a
different metal or another material,
such as a ceramic or organic compound.
When at least three materials are
present, it is called a hybrid composite.
Advantages of composite materials

Composite materials exhibit

superior mechanical properties such
as high strength, toughness, elastic
modulus, fairly good fatigue and impact
properties.
As fibre composites are light weight
materials, the specific strength and
specific modulus are much higher than
the conventional materials.
In aerospace applications, the power to
weight ratio is about 16 with
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composites compared to 5 with
conventional materials.
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Matrix is weak, therefore, low

toughness.
Reuse and disposal may be difficult.
Difficult to attach
Applications of Composites

Commercial aircraft:
Used for air-conditioning duct, radar
dome, landing gear door, seats,
floorings, window reveals, ceiling
panels, propeller blades, nose, wing
body, elevators, ailerons, air brake, etc.
Military aircraft:
Used for speed brake, rubber
trunnion, forward fuse lag, elevators,
ailerons, landing gear doors, horizontal
stabilizers, etc.
Missiles:
Used for remote piloted vehicles,
filament wound rocket motors,
wings, rotor cases etc.
Space hardwares:
Used for antennas, struts, support
trusses, trusses for telescopes,
storage tanks for gases and fluids at
cryogenic temperatures etc.
Automobile and trucks:
Used for drive shafts, bumpers, door
and window frames, starter motor
commutators, body panels, radiator
and other hoses, timing and V belts,
drive
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Electrical and electronics: