7 Local Government Latest

Chapter: - 8
LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS
a) Why is it important to have student council
in schools?
b) What role do they play?
c) How are they elected?
d) Are they answerable to anyone in school?

DO YOU KNOW?
 Jodhpur district panchayat is a Rural Local

Body of Rajasthan state.
 There are total 21 Panchayat Samitis,
 626 Gram Panchayats and
 1919 Villages under Jodhpur district
panchayat jurisdiction.
Panchayat Samitis in Jodhpur District
1. Aau (आऊ)-20 2. Balesar -37 3. Bap -36
4. Bapini -20 5. Bawadi -32
6. Bhopalgarh - 31 7. Bilara -30
8. Chamu (चामू) -21 9. Dechu -34
10. Dhawa (धवा) -26
11. Ghantiyali (घंिटयालि) -31 12. Keru (के रू) -22
13. Lohawat -39 14. Luni -33 15.Mandor -28
16. Osian -34 17. Peepad Sahar -35 18. Phalodi -32
19. Sekhala -21 20. Shergarh -31 21. Tinwari -33

WHY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS?
 Local government closest to the
common people that involves the day-
to-day life and problems of ordinary
citizens.
 local knowledge and local interest
are essential ingredients for
democratic decision making.
 efficient and people-friendly
administration.
 It is convenient for the people to approach
the local government for solving their
problems both quickly and with minimum
cost.
 Democracy is about meaningful
participation. It is also about accountability.
 Strong and vibrant local governments ensure
both active participation and purposeful
accountability.
 Common people are more familiar with
their local government.
GROWTH OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
IN INDIA
 self-governing village communities
existed in India from the earliest times in
the form of ‘sabhas’ (village assemblies).
 In the course of time, these village bodies
took the shape of Panchayats (an
assembly of five persons) and these
Panchayats resolved issues at the village
level.
GROWTH OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT IN INDIA
 In modern times, elected local government bodies were
created after 1882. Lord Rippon, who was the Viceroy
of India at that time, took the initiative in creating these
bodies.
 They were called the local boards.
 Following the Government of India Act 1919, village
panchayats were established in a number of provinces.
 This trend continued after the Government of India Act
of 1935.
 When the Constitution was prepared, the
subject of local government was
assigned to the States.
 being a part of the Directive Principles of
State Policy, this provision of the
Constitution was Non-Justiciable.
Local Governments in Independent India
 Some States (like Gujarat, Maharashtra) adopted the

system of elected local bodies around 1960.
 But in many States those local bodies did not have
enough powers and functions to look after the
local development.
 They were very much dependent on the State and
central governments for financial assistance.
 Many States did not think it necessary to establish
elected local bodies.
 In many instances, local bodies were dissolved and
the local government was handed over to government
officers.
 Many States had indirect elections to most local
bodies.
 In many States, elections to the local bodies were
postponed from time to time.
 In 1989 the P. K. Thungon Committee
recommended Constitutional recognition for the
local government bodies.
 A constitutional amendment to provide for
periodic elections to local government
institutions, and
 Enlistment of appropriate functions to them,
along with funds, was recommended
 in 1992, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional
Amendments were passed by the Parliament.
 The 73rd Amendment is about rural local
governments (which are also known as Panchayati
Raj Institutions or PRIs) and
 the 74th Amendment made the provisions relating
to urban local government (Nagarpalikas).
 The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in
1993.
73rd Amendment
 All States now have a uniform three tier

Panchayati Raj structure.
 At the base is the ‘Gram Panchayat‘. A Gram
Panchayat covers a village or group of villages.
 The intermediary level is the Mandal (also
referred to as Block or Taluka). These bodies are
called Mandal or Taluka Panchayats.
 The intermediary level body need not be
constituted in smaller States.
73rd Amendment
 At the apex is the Zilla Panchayat covering the entire
rural area of the District.
 The amendment also made a provision for the
mandatory creation of the Gram Sabha.
 The Gram Sabha would comprise of all the adult
members registered as voters in the Panchayat area.
 Its role and functions are decided by State legislation.
Panchayati raj – Local Self Government
(Rural)
 Village Level
 Gram Panchayat
 Formed by Gram Sabha
 Headed by Sarpanch
 Block level
 Panchayat samithi
 Elected by Panchayat members
 BDO
 District
 Zilla Parishad
 Formed by elected members and have members of Lok
Sabha and MLA of the district.
 Zilla Chairperson
Local Government(Urban)
 Towns
 Municipalities
 Municipal chairperson is head
 Big Cities
 Municipal corporations
 Mayor is head
Elections
 All the three levels of Panchayati Raj
institutions are elected directly by the people.
 The term of each Panchayat body is five years.
 If the State government dissolves the
Panchayat before the end of its five year term,
fresh elections must be held within six months
of such dissolution.
 This is an important provision that ensures the
existence of elected local bodies.
 Before the 73rd amendment, in many States,
there used to be indirect elections to the
district bodies and there was no provision for
immediate elections after dissolution.
Reservations
 One third of the positions in all Panchayat institutions
are reserved for women.
 Reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes are also provided for at all the three levels, in
proportion to their population.
 If the States find it necessary, they can also provide
for reservations for the other backward classes
(OBCs).
Transfer of Subjects
 Twenty-nine subjects, which were earlier in
the State list of subjects, are identified and
listed in the Eleventh Schedule of the
Constitution.
 These subjects are to be transferred to the
Panchayati Raj institutions. These subjects
were mostly linked to development and
welfare functions at the local level.
Subject to local governments
 1. Agriculture, ...
 3. Minor irrigation, water management and watershed
development. ....
 8. Small scale industries, including food processing
industries. .....
 10. Rural housing.
 11. Drinking water. .....
 13. Roads, culverts,....
 14. Rural electrification,.... .....
 16. Poverty alleviation programme.
 17. Education, including primary and secondary schools.
 18. Technical training and vocational education.
 19. Adult and non-formal education.
 20. Libraries.
 21. Cultural activities.
 22. Markets and fairs.
 23. Health and sanitation, including hospitals, primary health
centres and dispensaries.
 24. Family welfare.
 25. Women and child development.
 26. Social welfare, ...
 27. Welfare of the weaker sections, and in particular, of the
Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
 28. Public distribution system.
State Election Commissioner
 The State government is required to appoint
a State Election Commissioner who would
be responsible for conducting elections to
the Panchayati Raj institutions.
 Earlier, this task was performed by the State
administration which was under the control
of the State government.
 Current State election commissioner is Sh.
Madhukar Gupta
 Now, the office of the State Election
Commissioner is autonomous like the Election
Commissioner of India.
 However, the State Election Commissioner is
an independent officer and is not linked to nor
is this officer under the control of the Election
Commission of India.
State Finance Commission
 The State government is also required to appoint a State
Finance Commission once in five years.
 This Commission would examine the financial position
of the local governments in the State.
 It would also review the distribution of revenues
between the State and local governments on the one
hand and between rural and urban local governments on
the other.
 This innovation ensures that allocation of funds to the
rural local
JODHPUR – URBAN
Collector: - Mr. Himanshu Gupta/Mr. Gaurav Agarwal
Mayor : - 1. North- Ms. Kunti Deora Parihar
2. South- Ms. Vanita Seth
1. Jodhpur-north - Municipal Corporations

2. Jodhpur-south - Municipal Corporations
3. Bhopalgarh - Town Panchayat
4. Balesar Satta - Town Panchayat
5. Bilara - Town Panchayat
6. Phalodi - Town Panchayat
7. Pipar City - Town Panchayat
74th Amendment
 As we mentioned earlier, the 74th amendment
dealt with urban local bodies or
Nagarpalikas.
 What is an urban area?
 It is very easy to identify a big city like
Mumbai or Kolkata, but it is not so easy to say
this about some very small urban areas that are
somewhere between a village and a town.
 The Census of India defines an urban area as
having:
 (i) a minimum population of 5,000;
 (ii) at least 75 per cent of male working
population engaged in non-agricultural
occupations and
 (iii) a density of population of at least 400
persons per sq. km.
 As per the 2011 census (provisional data),
about 31% of India’s population lives in
urban areas.
 In many ways the 74th amendment is a
repetition of the 73rd amendment, except
that it applies to urban areas.
 All the provisions of the 73rd amendment
relating to direct elections, reservations,
transfer of subjects, State Election
Commission and State Finance Commission
are incorporated in the 74th amendment also
and thus apply to Nagarpalikas.
 The Constitution also mandated the transfer
of a list of functions from the State
government to the urban local bodies.
 These functions have been listed in the
Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution.
Difficulties faced by Local Governments...
 Elections to Gram Sabhas are not held

REGULARLY.
 Most of the State Governments are not
transferring powers and resources.
 People at the local level do not enjoy much
powers of choosing welfare programmes or
allocation of resources.
Thank You

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Chapter: - 8

b) What role do they play?

c) How are they elected?

d) Are they answerable to anyone in school?

 Jodhpur district panchayat is a Rural Local

19. Sekhala -21 20. Shergarh -31 21. Tinwari -33

 Some States (like Gujarat, Maharashtra) adopted the

 All States now have a uniform three tier

1. Jodhpur-north - Municipal Corporations

 Elections to Gram Sabhas are not held

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