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CH 10

This chapter discusses organizing and manipulating data in databases. It covers normalization, data definition languages (DDLs) for defining and validating data, data manipulation languages (DMLs) for extracting data, and object-oriented, multimedia, and data warehouse databases. The chapter explains that normalization organizes data to avoid problems with modifications by examining relationships and arranging data. It also discusses database management systems that enable users to efficiently create, modify and use database information through DDLs and DMLs.

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33 views15 pages

CH 10

This chapter discusses organizing and manipulating data in databases. It covers normalization, data definition languages (DDLs) for defining and validating data, data manipulation languages (DMLs) for extracting data, and object-oriented, multimedia, and data warehouse databases. The chapter explains that normalization organizes data to avoid problems with modifications by examining relationships and arranging data. It also discusses database management systems that enable users to efficiently create, modify and use database information through DDLs and DMLs.

Uploaded by

Kate Abuyuan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Core Concepts of

ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS


Moscove, Simkin & Bagranoff

Developed by:
S. Bhattacharya, Ph.D.
Florida Atlantic University

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Chapter 10
Organizing and Manipulating the Data in Databases

• Introduction
• Normalization
• Defining and Validating the Data in Databases: Data
Definition Languages (DDLs)
• Extracting Data From Databases: Data Manipulation
Languages
• Object-Oriented Databases, and Multimedia Databases,
and Data Warehouses
Normalization

• Flat files are files with no sequence or


order to them, except perhaps
chronological.
• Flat files make it almost impossible to
find a particular record easily or use file
data productively.
• Normalization is a process of examining and
arranging file data in a way that enables designers
to avoid problems when files are used or modified
later.
First Normal Form

• A database is in first normal form (1NF) if


all the record’s attributes (data fields) are
well defined and the information can thus
be stored in a flat file.
• Problems:
– data redundancy
– insertion anomaly
– deletion anomaly
Second Normal Form

• A database is in second normal form (2NF)


if it is in 1NF and all the data items in each
record depend on the record’s primary
record key.
• This approach results in a more efficient
design and eliminates much of the first
file’s data redundancy.
Third Normal Form

• Our goal is to create a database that is


minimally in third normal form (3NF).
• A database is in third normal form if it is in
second normal form and contains no
transitive dependencies - i.e., no
relationships in which data field A
determines data field B.
Database Management Systems

• A database management systems (DBMS) is a set of


separate computer programs that enable users to
create, modify, and utilize database information more
efficiently.
• The data definition language (DDL) of a DBMS
enables users to define the record structure of any
particular database table.
• The data manipulation language (DML) enables
users to perform tasks such as querying, changing
records and deleting records.
User Views
Schemas and Subschemas
• The database schema is a map or plan of the
entire database.
• Any particular user or application program will
be interested in only a subset of the schema,
called the subschema.
• A database must be flexible enough
to satisfy the subschema
uses required.
Online Analytical Processing

• Complex multidimensional data analysis


performed on database information is called
online analytical processing (OLAP).
• OLAP packages allow end users
to perform their own database
analysis, including data mining.
Data Manipulation Languages

• Many relational databases support


structured query language (SQL).
• Hypertext can also be used for finding
information in a database.
• End-user programming allows users
to perform their own data
processing without technical
assistance from IT professionals.
Object-Oriented and
Multimedia Databases
• The object-oriented database (OODB)
contains both the text data of traditional
databases plus information about the set
of actions that can be taken on the data
fields.
• Many OODBs are multimedia
databases that include graphics, audio
information and animation.
Characteristics of a
Data Warehouse
• A data warehouse pools data from separate
applications into a large common body of
information.
Characteristics of data warehouses
1. Data are “clean” of errors and defined uniformly.
2. Data are stored in several databases, not just one.
3. Data Warehouses span a longer time horizon than the
company’s transaction systems.
4. The data relations are optimized for answering
complex questions.
Advantages of
Data Warehouse

• Make organizational information available on a


corporate-wide basis, which is central to the
concept of enterprise-wide databases.
• Facilitates data mining and enables users to
identify target markets or its most desirable
customers.
Copyright

Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may
make backup copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution
or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors,
omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from
the use of the information contained herein.
Chapter 10

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