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Unit 1 - Introduction

An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It is software consisting of programs and data that runs on computers. The main functions of an OS include managing resources, providing a user interface, running applications, and controlling hardware. Key components of an OS include the kernel, which enables communication between software and hardware, and processes for memory, file, device and I/O management. Popular modern OSs include Windows and Unix-based systems like Linux and macOS.

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17 views7 pages

Unit 1 - Introduction

An operating system (OS) manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It is software consisting of programs and data that runs on computers. The main functions of an OS include managing resources, providing a user interface, running applications, and controlling hardware. Key components of an OS include the kernel, which enables communication between software and hardware, and processes for memory, file, device and I/O management. Popular modern OSs include Windows and Unix-based systems like Linux and macOS.

Uploaded by

varshiniperundevikrishnakumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Operating System

An operating system (OS) is a collection of


software that manages computer hardware
resources and provides common services for
computer programs.

The operating system is a vital component of


the system software in a computer system.

Operating System (OS) is software, consisting


programs and data, that runs on computers,
manages computer hardware resources, and
provides common services for execution of
various application software.
History of OS

 Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape storage.
 The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early 1950s for their IBM
701.
 In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks.
 In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed.
 The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing the 86-DOS
software from a Seattle company.
 The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a GUI was created
and paired with MS-DOS.
Functions of Operating System

 Managing resources
 Providing a user interface
 Running applications
 Support for built in utility programs.
 Control to the computer hardware
In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete


processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication
among processes.
2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of
allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.
3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization
storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module
also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the
task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices
5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the
peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which
includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and
data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a running program can
reference it.
7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer
system against malware threat and authorized access.
8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and
acting system resources to process that commands.
9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share
memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one
another through the network.
10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.
11. Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers,
interpreters, and another software resource of the various users of the computer
systems.
Kernel
 The kernel is the central component of
a computer operating systems.
 The only job performed by the kernel is
to the manage the communication
between the software and the
hardware.
 A Kernel is at the nucleus of a
computer.
 It makes the communication
between the hardware and software
possible. While the Kernel is the
innermost part of an operating
system, a shell is the outermost one.

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