RENEWABLE

ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY
PROGRAM CODE: ME6I
COURSE: COURSE CODE: 22661
Guided by: - Mr. U. B. Rathod
Topics: Choice of a system for a given Application-technical and financial
criteria used for selection of Solar Thermal Systems

Unit Outcomes (UOs): -

• Classify solar thermal systems.

• Identify various components in solar thermal systems.
• Select solar thermal system for a given application with justification.
• Select solar dryer system for a given application.
• Describe maintenance procedure.
Solar Thermal Technologies for Industrial Processes

For many years now, solar thermal technologies have been used for domestic hot water, and in colder climates, for space
heating. However, production of heat for direct use in industrial processes is rather new. At the end of 2018, there were
around 741 SHIP plants in operation worldwide.
Solar thermal collectors convert solar radiation into usable heat. SHIP describes systems that provide solar heat in a
factory.
a SHIP plant where a solar collector field heats up a thermal transfer fluid in a heat exchanger. This transfers the
generated heat to supply a system or production process in the factory with hot water, air flow, or steam. Storage units
also make it possible to use the generated heat at night-time. Usually, solar thermal energy only supports an existing
heating process and is optimized according to the demand at times of maximum irradiation, especially during the
summer.
The Solar Potential
In India, and area of 3,287,240 km² receives solar radiation worth 4,300 quadrillion kcal (5,000 trillion kWh) every year. The
daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 3,500 to 6,000 kcal/m² with about 2,300-3,200 sunshine hours
per year, depending on the location. Even if a fraction of this natural and inexhaustible energy is captured, it would be
enough to meet all heat and electricity needs for India’s industries.
FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS:
Flat Plate Collectors: Flat Plate Collectors are one of the most commonly used one in large buildings, summing pools etc
Flat Plate Collectors are the metal bar which consists of glass or plastic cover which is present at the top and this is dark
coloured adsorbed plates on the bottom. In Flat Plate Collectors the collectors which are at side and bottom are usually
insulated, this done due to prevent the heat losses when the sunlight passes through glass and strikes the observed
plates. By this, the heat is produced which is from solar energy to heat energy.

APPLICATION
1.Domestic Water Heating:
2.Commercial Water Heating:
3.Space Heating:
4.Swimming Pool Heating:
5.Process Heat:
6.Agricultural Applications:
7.Solar Cooling Systems:
8.Desalination:
 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS & TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR SOLAR WATER HEATER (FPC/ETC)
Prepared by Committee for Technology Assessment and Analysing the installation of Solar Water Heater
Systems in Government House/Buildings
Solar flat plate collector
1. Solar flat plate Solar flat plate collector cover plate made of toughened glass. Sheet for absorber made of copper.
collector components Absorber made of copper sheet and copper tube.

1. Channel section for sides 1.6 mm

2. Solar flat plate
2. Sheet for bottom 0.7 mm
collector
3. Support for glass retaining 1.2 mm
specifications
4. Sheet for entire body 1.0 mm

Absorber Shall Consist of riser, Header and Sheet for absorber. The Diameter of header shall be 25.4 + /-
a) Absorber 0.5mm and thickness 0.71mm. The Diameter of riser shall be 12.7 + /-0.5 mm and thickness 0.56mm and
made of copper only. The distance between the risers from centre to centre shall be 120mm.

Thermal resistance (R) of insulation material shall be minimum 0.96 m square degree c/w for back
b) Absorber sheet and insulation and minimum 0.48 m square degree c/w for side insulation. This shall be derived after
risers/ headers determining thermal conductivity (k) value at 100-degree c mean temperature in accordance with IS: 3346.
Collector box insulation shall conform to sec. 4 of IS 12933 (pt – 2) / 2003.

The load of the absorber should not be on the insulation. It should be taken by the collector box. The air
3. ASSEMBLY OF gap between the glazing and the absorber should be 25mm (+5mm). Insulation should not be allowed to
COLLECTORS slide. Glazing shall be fixed on the collector box by using EPDM/Neoprene/Synthetic rubber channels. The
glass should be firmly held, without strain taking into account the expansions of glass.
COST ANALYSIS OF SOLAR WATER FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR FOR INDIA
MIG house of different climate zones.
One home is considered of five persons.
Typical requirement of water for per person per bath per day= 20 litres
Requirement of water for five persons per bath per day=100
litres To full fill the requirement of hot water for five persons electric
geyser is in use.
Recommended capacity of Geyser to satisfy five persons for bath=35 litre
Specifications of geyser (Crompton greaves).
Energy required by Geyser = 3kWh
Energy required to for heating of water to 60°C
Time takes for 3kW, 35 litres Geyser to heat the water to 60°C = 35 minutes
Therefore, energy required to heat the water to 60°C = .666 × 3000kWh = 1.998 kWh = 1.9 unit
Therefore, energy required to heat the water in one day = 1.9 unit per day.
Calculation of energy saving if solar water flat plate collector is used.
Since average mass flow rate of solar water heater= .001kg/s
So, collection of hot water per day = 33 litres.
Requirement of hot water at = 60°C.
Temperature of water required for the healthy bath = 30°C
Average outlet temperature of hot water (Tfo) for Delhi = 69.73°C.
Average outlet temperature of hot water (Tfo) for Jodhpur = 74.94°C.
Average outlet temperature of hot water (Tfo) for Chennai = 90.13°C.
Average outlet temperature of hot water (Tfo) for Pune = 82.32°C.
Average outlet temperature of hot water (Tfo) for Srinagar = 50.35°C.
Average outlet temperature of hot water (Tfo) for Ladakh = 43.45°C.
Average outlet temperature of hot water (Tfo) for Raipur = 72.57°C.
Assume that cold water temperature for all climate zones =10 ̊C
Cold water temperature (Tco) for Delhi= 10°C
Table 3: Saving in cost of electricity per year for all climate zones of India
Costs involving in solar water flat plate collector ;
Benchmark Cost: FPC based systems : Rs. 11,000/ sq. m.
Area of Flat plate collector required = 2 m2
Cost of the Flat plate collector = Rs. 22000

Subsidy provided by the Government:

Government provides subsidy to the extent of 30 to 60% todifferent category of users and
States subject to certain benchmarks as per below:
Subsidy provided by the government is 30%.
Cost of the Flat plate collector = Rs. 22000
Subsidy percentage given by Government = 30%
Subsidy given by Government = Rs. 6600
So, cost of flat plate collector after subsidy = 22000 –6600 = Rs 15400
Thus, there is only one time cost involved in solar water heater at the time of installation.
So installation cost of solar water flat plate collector after replacing required geyser =
15400 – 9400 = Rs 6000
Since 30% Subsidy is provided by the government for installation of flat plate collector. Therefore amount required to the
instalment of solar water heater in LIG house of Delhi is free from any kind of interest rate. Therefore equation 8.2 becomes

Thus
Payback period of solar water heater for Delhi = 6000 ÷1675.8 = 3.58 years
Payback period of solar water heater for Jodhpur = 6000 ÷1026 = 5.84 years
Payback period of solar water heater for Chennai = 6000 ÷1026 = 5.84 years
Payback period of solar water heater for Pune = 6000 ÷1491.12= 4.02 years
Payback period of solar water heater for Srinagar = 6000 ÷1128.6 = 5.31 years
Payback period of solar water heater for Ladakh = 6000 ÷1368 = 4.38 years
Payback period of solar water heater for Raipur = 6000 ÷718.2 = 8.35 years
Payback period for all climate zones of India
EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS
This type of solar collector uses a series of evacuated tubes to heat water for use.
These tubes utilize a vacuum, or evacuated space, to capture the suns energy while
minimizing the loss of heat to the surroundings. They have an inner metal tube which
acts as the absorber plate, which is connected to a heat pipe to carry the heat
collected from the Sun to the water. This heat pipe is essentially a pipe where the fluid
contents are under a very particular pressure. At this pressure, the "hot" end of the
pipe has boiling liquid in it while the "cold" end has condensing vapour. This allows for
thermal energy to move more efficiently from one end of the pipe to the other. Once
the heat from the Sun moves from the hot end of the heat pipe to the condensing end,
the thermal energy is transported into the water being heated for use.
APPLICATION
1.Water Heating:
2.Space Heating:
3.Process Heating:
4.Swimming Pool Heating:
5.Agricultural Applications:
6.Off-Grid Applications:
 Solar Evacuated tubes collector specifications
1.Inner tank Material a) Stainless Steel SS 316
b) SS304-2B (22SWG)
2. Hot water tank insulation density a) High Density injected PUF insulation: 50mm,
b) High des PUF (play urethane foam) Installation of 50mm thickness between inner outer tank ensures maximum heat rotenone
ever season (maximum up to 72 hours.

3. Tank Stand and supports a) Mild Steel with suitable anti corrosive coating.
4. Working pressure of the system a) Normal, Gravity Feed, Less than 1 Kg/cm2.
b) Recommended Operating Pressure:10 Bars.
5. Tank test Pressure a) Factory Pressure Tested for 2 Kgs/Cm2.
6. Solar Evacuated tube dimension a) Double walled glass Outer Tube Dia 47+0.7mm, Tube leangth-1500+5mm. & Inner Diameter: 33.4mm.
b) Thickness of tube at least 1.60 mm.
7. Tube assembling frame a) Mild steel section with PP coating.
8. Tube assembling frame size a) Length-2.10mtrs. Width-3.20mtrs, Height-1.50mtrs.
9. Cold water tank a) 2.4 mtrs. From the terrace level.
10. Backup Provide a) Electrical heaters: - 1.5 kW with thermostat, 2.0 kW with
thermostat.
11. Tube coating a) Copper coated tubes with selective absorptive coating
Graded AI-N.
12. GASKET FOR 3 mm thick gasket of Neoprene/synthetic rubber gasket shall be
FLANGES used for sealing the joints between flanges.
13. COLLECTOR SUPPORT FRAME The structure should be in a position of withstand a wind velocity of 100 kms/hr. shall be made with angle iron of
35mmx35mmx4mm; will have vertical support at top and bottom edge of the inclined plane of the collector at a distance of 1.5 M or
less. The vertical support shall be firmly grouted with the roof.

14. PAINTING OF STANDS Two coats of zinc chromate red oxide primer shall be applied followed by two coats of enamel paint of suitable Colour as per NIT.
 COST ANALYSIS OF EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTORS FOR INDIA

Technical Specification of Various Element of Evacuated U-Tube Solar Collector

 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS & PAY-BACK TIME CALCULATION
Assuming System Details - 100 liters per Day;
Collector area-1.10 m2;
Considering Atmospheric Temperature= 20oc.
Heat gained by water = m CpdT
= 100 × 4.12 × (80-20)
= 24720 KJ per Day

Electricity required
Here, 1 kWh = 3600 kJs,
Assuming electric heater efficiency =80 %,
Thus, electricity unit required = 24720/3600 = 6.86 unit per day.
Electricity consumed = 6.86/0.8 = 8.58 unit per day.
Cost of electricity = 8.58 unit × Rs. 3.50 per day.
Rs. 3.50 above 300 unit consumption by monthly
Rs 3.50/ unit is taken from household electricity bill
of Chhattisgarh state,
Cost of electricity = Rs.30.3 per day. (Taken Rs 30)
Cost of electricity = Rs. 30 ×300 day
Consider 300 effective days per year = Rs. 9000/year.
Saving per year = Rs.9000/year,
Now,
Cost of 100 LPD Water-in-glass solar water heating systems is Rs. 17000.00
Payback period = (Cost of thy system + plumbing +installation) / saving per year
=17000/30
Payback period (in day) = 566.66 = 567 days or
Payback period (in year) = 1.88 year

CONCLUSION
Conclusion may draw from above result that investment will be recovered in 567 (sunny) days and after that it is totally free.
We can save approximately 9000 Rs per year and more when cost of electricity increases.

In similar manner pay-back period for evacuated U-tube collector is calculated 1.96 year and saving around 11265.63 rs per
year based on the useful heat gain value and the price of collectors.

For heat pipe evacuated tube collector the pay-back ranged between 1.5 years to 3 years for Raipur climatic condition
 STORAGE TANK (HOT WATER)
Material Stainless Steel (SS 316/ IS 1730 grade)
Thickness Minimum thickness Tank capacity
20 gauge (0.91mm)for 100 lpd
20 gauge (0.91mm)for 200 lpd
20 gauge (0.91mm)for 500 lpd
18 gauge (1.2mm) for 1000 lpd
18 gauge (1.2mm) for 1500 lpd
18 gauge (1.6mm) for 2000 lpd
16 gauge (1.6mm) for 3000 lpd
16 gauge (2.0mm) for 4000 lpd
16 gauge (2.0mm) for 5000 lpd

Insulation and installation All sockets and internal fittings of the tanks should be of stainless steel.100 mm thick insulation of 48
kg/cu.m. density having approx. k value_0.03 W/mk and R value 3.34 sq.m deg.C/W to withstand a
temp. of 250deg.c.

PIPING
a) Material Medium class (B class) GI as per IS 1239 shall be used for piping.
b) Insulation 25mm thick insulation of 48kg/cu.m. density and K value+0.03 W/MK R value+1.67 sq.m. C/W to
withstand and temp. of 250 deg. C be used.
c) VALVES/NIPPLE/ Gun metal valve ISI marked shall be used. Nipple/tees and bends of ISI marked of medium class GI (B
TESS/BENDS class) shall be used. Air vents in each row are to be provided.
 HEAT EXCHANGER
(a) Shell-in-Tube Type (i) Material Copper for forced systems only.
(ii) Tube Thickness Minimum 22 SWG, but may be higher depending upon the designed
pressure requirements.
(b) Coil-type Heat (i) Material Copper/SS tube of ¾” dia.
Exchanger (ii) Thickness Minimum 22 SWG. May be higher depending upon the pressure requirements.
(iii) No. of coils and flow Pattern. Shall be so designed to ensure the pressure drop less than 0.3
kg/cm. The surface area of the heat exchanger should not be less an per sq.m of the absorber
area of the system (for 100 LPD z system the copper tube length of 7 meter is required).
 ELECTRICAL BACKUP
ELECTRICAL For 100 lpd - 2 KW
BACK UP (only For 200 lpd- 2 KW
upto 1000 lpd) For 300 lpd- 2x2 KW
For 400 lpd- 2x2 KW
For 500 lpd- 2x2 KW
Electrical wiring of 2:5 mm sq. 2 core unarmoured cable, thermostat of Siemens/ Danfoss / Honeywell Make with MCB of 16 Amp.
For 600 lpd-6 KW
For 800 lpd-9 KW
For 1000 lpd-9 KW

17. Electrical 1. DP switches 20 Amp. Anchor make or equivalent

back up 2. MCCB 4 pole 16 Amp For Legarand, Schneider, L&T,
control panel 6KW and 32 Amp for 9 KW Siemens, ABB make.
For 6 KW 3. Contactor 25-32 Amp. L&T/Schneider/Siemens make
4. Amp. Meter 1x30Amps. Rishabh,AE,L&T
5. Volt meter 0-500V –do
6. Amp. Selector Switch AE/Rishabh/ KAAYCEE, L&T BCH,GE
7. Voltage Selector Switch -do-
8. Thermostat for auto cut (6KW) Danfoss/Sieman/Honeywell

18. Electrical 1. DP switches 1x32 Amp. Anchor make or equivalent

back-up 2. Amp.mtr. 1x30 Amps. Rishabh, AE,L&T
control panel 3. Volt mtr. 0-500 volts –do
for 9 KW 4.Amp.Selector switch AE/KAAYCEE/L&T/BCH,GE
5. Voltage Selector switch –do
6. MCCB 4 pole 20 Amp. –do
7.Thermostat for auto cut (9KW) Danfoss/Sieman/Honeywell
8. Contactor 25-32 Amp. L&T/Schneider,Seimens make
Wire should not be less than 4mm 3 cores, Cu, armored / unarmored Cabels Plaza / Havels / National / Paragon / NICCO/ Bonton / Finolex type.