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Physics Project File

The document summarizes a student's school project on studying the construction and application of a Wheatstone bridge. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking those who helped with the project, followed by sections explaining the components, circuit construction, working principle, an example application, common applications, and limitations of the Wheatstone bridge. The student provides details on the bridge's invention and use in measuring unknown resistances accurately.

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Nikhil Pandey
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105 views

Physics Project File

The document summarizes a student's school project on studying the construction and application of a Wheatstone bridge. It includes an acknowledgement section thanking those who helped with the project, followed by sections explaining the components, circuit construction, working principle, an example application, common applications, and limitations of the Wheatstone bridge. The student provides details on the bridge's invention and use in measuring unknown resistances accurately.

Uploaded by

Nikhil Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL

Class:12th
Subject : Physics
Topic: To study the construction and
application of Wheatstone bridge

Submitted To : Mr. Vipin Bihari

Submitted By: Sakshi Sharma


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily I would like to thank the CBSE for
including the project as part of our academic
curriculum. This has provided opportunity to
learn something beyond the text book. It has
helped me in understanding the importance of
science in our day to day life.
At the same time I would like to thank Mr.
Vipin Bihari , who extended his help for
constant support throughout the project.
At last I thank the principal Mr. Rajan Gautam
for providing me this opportunity & all those
who have helped me directly & indirectly.

Sakshi Sharma
XII A
TO STUDY THE
CONSTRUCTIO
N OF
WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE
INDEX
• Introduction
• Components of Wheatstone bridge
• Circuit Construction
• Working principle of Wheatstone
bridge
• Example Circuit
• Applications of Wheatstone bridge
• Limitations of Wheatstone bridge
• Summary
• Precautions
• Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Wheatstone bridge also known as the
resistance bridge calculates the unknown
resistance by balancing two legs of the bridge
circuit. One leg includes the component of
unknown resistance. The Wheatstone Bridge
Circuit comprises two known resistors, one
unknown resistor and one variable resistor
connected in the form of a bridge. This bridge
is very reliable as it gives accurate
measurement. The wheat bridge was invented
by Samuel hunter Christie in 1833 and
improved and popularized by Sir Charles
Wheatstone in 1843. One of the Wheatstone
bridge’s initial uses was for soil analysis and
comparison.
COMPONENTS
• A resistor with an unknown resistance
value
• Two resistors (with known resistance
value)
• Variable Resistor (a device like Rheostat
or Preset could work)
• Voltage/DC source
• Galvanometer (or any device which
indicates the voltage difference or the flow
of current)
• Connecting Wires
• Circuit Construction
• Construction of Wheatstone Bridge
CIRCUIT
CONSTRUCTION

A Wheatstone bridge is a bridge-type structure


having four resistors, three of known and one
of unknown value. Here R1, R2, and R3 have
known values among which R2 is adjustable
and finally Rx is the value to be measured.
Along with these resistances, a galvanometer
(Vg) is there between B & D, and a DC supply
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Now according to the Wheatstone bridge
principle if the ratio of the two resistances
(R1/R2) on one edge is equal to the ratio
of the two resistances (R3/Rx) on another
edge then there will be no flow of current
between the midpoints of the two edges of
resistance. This condition of the bridge is
known as the Balanced Bridge Condition.
In the Balanced Bridge condition, the
current through the galvanometer is zero
and also the voltage difference between
the points B & D becomes zero, i.e., at
both points voltage level would be the
same
Writing equations for the balanced bridge
condition would look like:

R1/R2 R3/Rx (or) R1 * Rx =R2 * R3


Thus, Rx = R3 * (R2/R1)

This detection of zero current in


galvanometer is of high precision, thus
depending on the level of precision of
known values, the unknown resistance can
be found with the highest rate of accuracy
and precision.
In the Wheatstone bridge experiment, one
resistor should always be variable in order
to obtain a balanced condition. The Circuit
performs at its best when the regulated
voltage source is used, instead of the
current with repelling characteristics
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT

Let us consider the below circuit


where the bridge is in an unbalanced
condition and we need to calculate
the voltage difference between Q1
and Q2, i.e., Volt and hence the
value of R4 needed to make the
bridge balanced.
Example of Wheatstone Bridge As per the
voltage division law,
Vq1 = (R3/(R3+R1)) * Vs where Vs =
100volts (voltage source)
Putting values of R3 = 40 ohms, R1=50 ohms,
and Vs= 100 volts, we get
Vq1 = 44.4 volts
Similarly
Vq2 = (R4/(R4+R2)) * Vs

putting the values, R4 = 50 ohms, R2 =100


ohms, and Vs = 100 volts, we get
Vq2 =33.3 volts
Thus, Volt can be found as,
Volt Vq1 - Vq2
So, Volt = 44.4 33.3 = 11.1 volts
Now to make the bridge balanced,
we can find a suitable value for R4
as done below:
R4 R2* (R3/R1)
putting the values of R1, R2, and
R3, we have
R4 100 * (40/50) = 80 volts
Therefore, R4 = 80 volts is the value
of resistor which should be used to
make the bridge in a balanced
condition.
APPLICATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
• Used in Light detecting devices.
• For measuring the changes in the pressure.
• For measuring the changes in the strain of
the circuit.
• Used for the Sensing of mechanical and
electrical quantities.
• Also, photo resistive devices use this
circuit.
• Thermometers also use Wheatstone bridges
for the temperature measurements which
need to be accurate.
• Values like capacitance, inductance,
impedance, etc. can be measured with some
variations in the Wheatstone bridge circuit.
LIMITATIONS OF
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Along with all these advantages, there are
a few limitations of the Wheatstone
bridge as well, such as:

• Readings may be inaccurate under


unbalanced conditions.
• The range of measured resistance
varies from a few ohms to mega ohms.
• Susceptibility for high dc current is not
there.
SUMMARY
• Created in 1833, popularized in 1840s
• Wheatstone bridges are one of the best
methods of measuring resistance due
to the basic mathematical ratio
involved.
• Accurate standards with sensitive
enough voltmeter, measurements of
resistance within .05% can be reached.
• Many calibration laboratories still use
this method today.
• The Wheatstone Bridge are
replaceable; however, for its
simplicity and versatility the circuit is
an indispensible piece of technology.
PRECAUTIONS
1) Clean the connecting wires
properly.

2) Hold the jockey perpendicular to


the wire.

3) All connections should be neat


and tight
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• WEBSITES
www.google.com
www. wikipedia.com
• Books
NCERT class 12th Physics
Physics Practical

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