(ABE40)

THERMODYNAMICS
AND HEAT TRANSFER
II - CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
First Law of Thermodynamics
 one of the most fundamental laws of nature is the
conservation of energy principle.

 It simply states that during an interaction, energy can

change from one form to another but the total amount of
energy remains constant.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.

Boundary: the real or imaginary surface

that separates the system from its
surroundings. The boundaries of a system
can be fixed or movable. Mathematically,
the boundary has zero thickness, no mass,
and no volume.

Closed system or control mass: consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass
can cross its boundary. But, energy in the form of heat or work, can cross the
boundary, and the volume of a closed system does not have to be fixed.

Open system or control volume: is a properly selected region in space. It usually

encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor. Both mass and
energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

Isolated system: A closed system that does not communicate with the
surroundings by any means.
Rigid system: A closed system that communicates with the surroundings by heat
only.

Adiabatic system: A closed or open system that does not exchange energy with the
surroundings by heat.
ENERGY
In thermodynamics, we deal with change of the total energy only. Thus, the total
energy of a system can be assigned a value of zero at some reference point. Total
energy of a system has two groups: macroscopic and microscopic.

Macroscopic forms of energy: forms of energy that a system posses as a whole

with respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energy.
The macroscopic energy of a system is related to motion and the influence of some
external effects such as gravity, magnetism, electricity, and surface tension.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY (P)

The gravitational potential energy of a body is its energy due to its position or
elevation.
KINETIC ENERGY (K)
The energy or stored capacity for performing work possessed by a moving body,
by virtue of its momentum is called kinetic energy.

Microscopic forms of energy: are those related to molecular structure of a

system. They are independent of outside reference frames. The sum of
microscopic energy is called the internal energy, U.

INTERNAL ENERGY (U, u)

Internal energy is energy stored within a body or substance by virtue of the activity
and configuration of its molecules and of the vibration of the atoms within the
molecules.
The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies:

HEAT (Q)
Heat is defined as the form of energy that is
transferred between two systems (or a system and its
surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference.
 Q is positive when heat is added to the body
or system.
 Q is negative when heat is rejected by the
body or system.

In thermodynamics, the term heat simply means heat

transfer.
Adiabatic process is a process during which there is
no heat transfer.
 During an adiabatic process, a system exchanges no
heat with its surroundings.
The amount of heat transferred during the process between two states (states 1 and
2) is denoted by Q12, or just Q. Heat transfer per unit mass of a system is denoted q
and is determined from

The rate of heat transfer (the amount of heat transferred per unit time) is denoted
by
 WORK
 Work is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of
the force in the direction of the displacement.
 Work is energy in transition; that is, it exists only when a force is ‘moving
through the distance.’

WORK OF A NONFLOW SYSTEM

 The work done as the piston moves from e to f is

𝑊 =𝐹 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥 = ( 𝑝𝐴 ) 𝑑𝐿=𝑝𝑑𝑉
Which is the area under the curve e-f on the pV
plane. Therefore, the total work done as the piston
moves from 1 to 2 is
2

𝑊 =∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

The area under the curve of the process on the plane represents the work done
during a nonflow reversible process.
Work done by the system is positive (outflow of energy)
Work done on the system is negative (inflow of energy)
FLOW OF WORK ()

Flow work of flow energy is work done in pushing a

fluid across a boundary, usually into or out of a
system.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor
destroyed.
The first law of thermodynamics states that one form of energy may be converted
into another.

STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

1. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass within the system.

2. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of energy within the system
3. The state of the working substance at any point in the system remains constant.
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (cont,)

Energy Diagram of a Steady Flow System

Energy Entering System = Energy Leaving System

𝑃 1 + 𝐾 1+ 𝑊 𝑓 1+ 𝑈 1 +𝑄= 𝑃 2 + 𝐾 2 +𝑊 𝑓 2 +𝑈 2 +𝑊
𝑄= ∆ 𝑃 + ∆ 𝐾 + ∆ 𝑊 𝑓 + ∆ 𝑈 + 𝑊

ENTHALPY (H, h)
Enthalpy is a composite property applicable to all fluids and is defined by
and

The steady flow energy equation becomes

𝑃 1 + 𝐾 1 + 𝐻 1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃 2 + 𝐾 2 + 𝐻 2 +𝑊
𝑄= ∆ 𝑃 + ∆ 𝐾 + ∆ 𝐻 +𝑊
 Sample Problem 12

1. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 200
to 20 psia, the speed increases from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy of the open
system decreases 25 Btu/lb, and the specific volume increases from 1 to 8 ft 3/lb. No
heat is transferred. Sketch an energy diagram. Determine the work per lb. Is it done
on or by the substance? Determine the work in hp for 10 lb per min. (1 hp = 42.4
Btu/min).

SOLUTION
 Sample Problem 12

2. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following
state: pressure 1200 kPa, temperature 188, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, speed 33.3 m/s and
elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state; pressure 20 kPa,
enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg, speed 100 m/s and elevation 0 m. heat is lost to the surroundings
at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is
the power output of the turbine in kW

SOLUTION
 References

• Cengel, Y. et.al. 2019. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach,

Ninth Edition
• Sta. Maria, H. (n.d.). Thermodynamics I
• https://www.sfu.ca/~mbahrami/ENSC%20388/Notes/Intro%20and
%20Basic%20Concepts.pdf