Measure of Central Tedency

Mr. Saad

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 Measure of Central tedency
Measure of central tendency is a single value, which is
used to represent an entire set of data.
Or measure of center/ central location.
Also known as “Measure” or “Measure of Location”
A measure of central tendency is a value that
represents the typical or central value of a set of data.
It is used to summarize or describe the data and to
make comparisons between different data sets.

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 Main Objective
The main object (purpose) of the average is to give a
bird’s eye view (summary) of the statistical data. The
average removes all the unnecessary details of the data
and gives a concise (to the point or short) picture of the
huge data under investigation.
Average is also of great use for the purpose of
comparison (i.e. the comparison of two or more groups
in which the units of the variables are same) and for
the further analysis of the data.

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 Requisites of a Good Average:
Requisites (desirable qualities) of a Good Average:
It is mathematically defined.
It utilizes all the values given in the data.
It is not much affected by the extreme values.
It can be calculated in almost all cases.
It can be used in further statistical analysis of the data.
It should avoid to give misleading results.

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 Uses of Averages in Different
Situations:
A.M is an appropriate average for all the situations where
there are no extreme values in the data.
G.M is an appropriate average for calculating average
percent increase in sales, population, production, etc. It is
one of the best averages for the construction of index
numbers.
Mode is an appropriate average in case of qualitative
data e.g. the opinion of an average person; he is probably
referring to the most frequently expressed opinion which
is the modal opinion.
Median is an appropriate average in a highly skewed
distribution e.g. in the distribution of wages, incomes etc.
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 Types:
The three main types of measures of central tendency
are:
Mean: The mean is the average of a set of numbers. It is
calculated by adding up all the numbers in the set and
dividing by the total number of numbers. For example, the
mean of the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8 is (2+4+6+8)/4 = 5.
Consider the following set of numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11.
To find the mean of these numbers, we add them all up
and divide by the total number of numbers:
Mean = (2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11) / 5 = 28 / 5 = 5.6
So the mean of this set of numbers is 5.6.

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 Median
The median is the middle value in a set of numbers when
they are arranged in order. If there is an even number of
values, the median is the average of the two middle values.
For example, the median of the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8 is
(4+6)/2 = 5.
Consider the following set of numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11.
To find the median, we need to first put the numbers in
order from smallest to largest:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11
The middle number is 5, so that is the median.
So the median of this set of numbers is 5.

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 Mode:
The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in a set
of numbers
If two or more Values occur the same number of times but
most frequently than other values, then there is more than
one mode”
Consider the following set of numbers: 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, and
11. To find the mode, we need to find the number that
appears most frequently in the set. In this case, 3 appears
twice, while all the other numbers appear only once, so the
mode is 3.
For example, consider the following data set: 2, 3, 3, 3, 5,
5, 5, 7. In this case, both 3 and 5 occur three times, which
is the highest frequency in the data set. Therefore, this data
set has two modes: 3 and 5. When a data set has more than
one mode, it is called bimodal. In rare cases, a data set may
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have more than two modes, which is called multimodal.
 Other types:
 Weighted mean: The weighted mean is the sum of the
products of each value and its corresponding weight,
divided by the sum of the weights. It is used when some
values are more important or have a greater impact on the
overall average than others. For example, the weighted
mean of the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8, with weights of 1, 2, 3,
and 4 respectively, is ((2 x 1) + (4 x 2) + (6 x 3) + (8 x
4))/10 = 5.6.
Combined mean refers to the mean of two or more
sets of data that have been combined or merged into a
single dataset. The combined mean is calculated by
adding up all the values in the combined dataset and
then dividing the total by the number of values in the
9 combined dataset.
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 Nature of Data w.r.t (Mean,
Median & Mode)
The nature of data with respect to mean, median,
and mode depends on the shape of the distribution of
the data.
Symmetric Distribution:
Skewed Distribution:
Bimodal Distribution:
Uniform Distribution:
Multimodal Distribution
Overall, the nature of the data with respect to mean,
median, and mode is an important characteristic that can
provide insights into the underlying distribution of the
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