RESEARCH

AND ITS TYPE

LANGUAGE EDUCATION RESEARCH

Presented by: Maureen Domingo-Bondoc

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Define research;
• Explain its role and functions;
• Illustrate the value of research in
development and decision-making; and
• Analyze the research process.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

DEFINITION TYPES

ROLES AND OTHER

FUNCTIONS CLASSIFICATION
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
• It is defined as a careful, systematic study in a field of
knowledge that is undertaken to discover or establish facts or
principles (Webster, 1984).
• It is also defined as a systematic process of collecting and
analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a solution to
a problem, to validate or test an existing
theory.(http://researchchmsc.blogspot.com/2010/04/introducti
on-to-research.html)
VALUE AND FUNCTIONS
• Educators, health service providers, entrepreneurs, managers, policy makers, counselors,
administrators, teachers and students, need information to make decisions, or to perform their functions
more effectively. Research can help them meet this need.
• Teachers need to know what teaching approaches and materials can be used to help
students learn better. Health service providers need health-related data in developing
health programs and in improving delivery of health services and in identifying
interventions that will improve the health condition of individuals.
• As a decision-maker, a manager and administrator needs
accurate information before selecting a course of action
When several options are available, data about the options
can help the decision-maker in selecting the best or the
better alternative that will yield a better outcome.
VALUE AND FUNCTIONS
Several Functions of Research:
a. It helps us answer questions, solve problems and
make decisions.
b. It enables us to see and understand how and why
a situation or a problem exists.
c. It helps us discover new things and ideas.
d. It allows us to validate existing theories or
generate new ones.
e. It helps us identify and understand the causes and
effects of a situation or a phenomenon.
WHAT ARE THE ROLE
OF RESEARCH IN
IMPROVING OUR
QUALITY OF LIFE?
 QUALITY OF LIFE
The connection between research and the improvement of man's
welfare is illustrated below:
Uses of Research as a Scientific Process
• determine an existing situation
• describe a population
• compare two conditions
• determine the existence, degree or nature of relationship
between two or more factors
• evaluate and compare the effectiveness of an intervention
• predict the value of a certain characteristic
WHAT ARE THE ROLES
OF RESEARCH IN
DEVELOPMENT?
 DEVELOPMENT

• Development projects/programs are designed to

improve the welfare of man. There are development
projects in education, health, housing, employment,
business, agriculture, etc. The development process
involves planning, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation. In each stage of development, research plays
an important role (Mercado,1994).
 DEVELOPMENT
• Research is needed in describing and analyzing existing social or
economic problems or conditions.
• Research data are important inputs to planning and in designing
programs intended to address an existing problem.
• Data on the background and needs of target clients of a proposed
program are needed in the preparation of the intervention.
• Program managers or implementers should continue collecting,
analyzing and using relevant data to determine if programs are being
implemented as planned.
• Projects implemented should be monitored and monitoring requires
accurate information about the status of the of project implementation.
• Upon completion of the projects, its performance or impact needs to be
evaluated.
GENERAL TYPES
OF RESEARCH
Descriptive Research
The descriptive type of study finds answer to the questions who, what, when and
how. This type of research describes a situation or a given state of affairs in terms of
specified aspects or factors. What may be described are characteristics of individuals or
groups (farmers, students, administrators, entrepreneurs, patients,' etc.) or physical
environments (schools, business establishments, hospitals, cooperatives, etc), or conditions
(epidemic, calamities, leadership styles, anxiety level, sales and profit, productivity, etc.).

The following examples of research topics in specific areas fall under the descriptive type.
"The management style of school administrators in Iloilo City"
"Tardiness and absenteeism among high' school students"
"The medicinal components of five kinds of Philippine backyard plants"
"Smoking habits of health service providers 111 government and private hospitals"
"Marketing practices of the loom weaving industry in Region VI"
"A typical office day of a government employee: a time allocation study"
"The insecticidal properties of pepper"
Explanatory or Correlation Research
An explanatory study goes beyond description of the problem or
situation. It attempts to explain the possible factors related to a problem
which has been observed in a descriptive study. This type of study answers
the questions why and how. The factors related to the problem, however,
need not be viewed as real "causes" of the problem, but factors which are
associated with or may contribute to the occurrence of the problem.

The explanatory type of study is also called correlation research; in

which the researcher investigates relationships between factors or variables.
Certain factors are "assumed" to explain or contribute to the existence of a
problem or a certain condition or the variation in a given situation.

The researcher usually uses a theory or a hypothesis to account for

or explain the forces that are "assumed to have caused" the problem.
For example, relationships between the following pairs of variables can be studied:
1. Local government employees’ work performance
• Knowledge about the local
• Government code
2. Gender grades
3. Cancer Awareness Compliance with medical regimen
4. Source of business capital Financial Performance

The following examples of research topics fall under the explanatory or correlation category.
“ Knowledge about Cancer and Compliance with Diet, Exercise and Medical Regimen
Among cancer Patients”
“ Relationship Between Socioeconomic Factors and Absenteeism Among High School
Students in the district of Jaro”
“Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service Providers in the
Government and Private Hospitals In Iloilo City”
Intervention or Experimental Research
The intervention or experimental type of research evaluates effect or outcome of a
particular intervention or treatment. It studies the “cause and effect” relationship between certain
factors on a certain phenomenon under controlled conditions. The subjects of the study are
randomly assigned to the experimental group and to the control group and both groups are exposed
to similar conditions except for the intervention.

For example, one can assess or compare the effect or outcome of two or more methods of teaching
math on the mathematical ability of students , two or more health management practices on the
recovery of patients, or two or more management styles on employees' productivity.
• “The Effect of Cooperative Learning Approach on the Performance in Mathematics of Junior High
School Students Of Central Philippine University”
• “The Effect of Verbal Suggestion on Overt Pain Reaction of Selected Post-Operative Patients” “
Advertising: Its Effect on Sales and Profit of Auto Parts Business Establishments in Metro Manila”
• “The Effect of In-House Training on Human Relations on the Productivity and Efficiency of Office
Employees in Private Banks in Iloilo City”
• “The Effect of Different Levels of Applied Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Rice”
Other Dichotomies of Research (Jackson, 1995, Mercado, 1994)
There are other classifications of research. Research may also be classified as either pure or applied, either
exploratory or explanatory, and either quantitative or qualitative.
1. Pure Basic vs. Applied Research
Pure Basic Research. This type of research attempts to describe an existing situation and/or explain certain
patterns of behavior using either or both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The goal of pure
research is to offer better descriptions and better explanation of human behavior. The intention is to accumulate
knowledge about a certain phenomenon.
“Factors Associated with Tardiness and Absenteeism among High School Students”
“Attitudes Towards Health and Smoking Habits of Health Service Providers”

Applied Research. While the primary aim of pure research is the formulation or the refinement of theory, applied
research aims to see an immediate solution to a problem. This type of research focuses on variables or factors
which can be changed by intervention in order to achieve a desired goal, like improvement of health, school
achievement, or performance or increase in revenue. An experimental study comparing the effectiveness of two
methods of improving health practices of mothers or two management styles of bank managers can yield results
that recommend a better practice or style.
“The Effect of Gender Sensitivity Training on Men's Involvement in Child Care”
“ Remedial Teaching: Its Effect on the Performance of Slow Learners”
2. Exploratory vs. Explanatory Research

Exploratory Research. Exploratory studies are designed to describe an existing problem

situation and examine the underlying factors that contribute to the emergence of the problem,
the nature of which is not yet well known.

"Domestic Violence: Ideas, Experiences, and Needs of Married Working Men in the City of
Baguio" .
"Menopause: Working Women's Perceptions, Experiences and Coping Strategies"

Explanatory Research. The primary goal of an explanatory study is to understand or explain a

prevailing situation or explain a relationship between factors which may have already been
identified in exploratory studies, and why the relationship exists. Explanatory studies seek more
specific answers to "why" and "how" questions.

“Relationship Between 'Alcohol Intake and Domestic Violence Among Married Men in the
Municipality of Alimodian”
“Extent of Exposure to Advertising Materials .. and Expenditure Patterns of Young Professionals
in Northern Luzon”
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research. This type of research seeks to quantify or reflect in numbers the observations on
the characteristics of the population being studied. It measures the number of respondents or objects
possessing a particular characteristic. It emphasizes precise measurement and often requires statistical
analysis of data, or the testing of hypotheses based on a sample of observations.

“ The Socioeconomic Profile of households in Upland Communities in the Province of Antique”

“Health Seeking Behavior and Health Status of Retired School Teachers in Zamboanga”

Qualitative Research. This type of research emphasizes verbal descriptions and explanations of human
behavior and practices in an attempt to understand how the units or members of the study population
experience or explain their own world. To gather information, the researcher makes use of one or a
combination of the following techniques: participant observation, key informant interview, focus group
discussion, direct observation, and in-depth analysis of a single case.

“ Experiences and Needs of Victims of Child Abuse Among Elementary School Pupils in Iloilo Province”
“ Menopause: Women’s Perceptions and Experiences”
Thank you for listeni
ng!
What ’s on your mind
?
 TIMETABLE
DATE PROGRESS REMARKS
January 29-31 Topic and Problems
One Paragraph or Short Rationale
and Background
February 5-7 Methodology
February 12-16 Title Defense (with the other
research Prof.)
February 3rd to 4th week Questionnaire/Tools (Checking)
March 1st to 4th week Data Gathering
April 1st to 3rd week Presentation, Analysis, and
Interpretation of Data
April 4th week to May 2nd week Final Defense
Until June 15, 2024 Submission of Final Manuscript