Topics covered

1. Context models
2. Interaction models
3. Structural models
4. Behavioral models
5. Model-driven engineering

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System modeling
• System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a
system, with each model presenting a different view or perspective of
that system.
• System modeling has now come to mean representing a system using
some kind of graphical notation, which is now almost always based on
notations in the Unified Modeling Language (UML).
• System modelling helps the analyst to understand the functionality of
the system and models are used to communicate with customers.

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Existing and planned system models
• Models of the existing system are used during requirements engineering.
• They help clarify what the existing system does and can be used as a basis for discussing its
strengths and weaknesses.
• These then lead to requirements for the new system.
• Models of the new system are used during requirements engineering to help explain the
proposed requirements to other system stakeholders.
• Engineers use these models to discuss design proposals and to document the system for
implementation.

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System perspectives
• An external perspective, where you model the context or
environment of the system.
• An interaction perspective, where you model the interactions
between a system and its environment, or between the components
of a system.
• A structural perspective, where you model the organization of a
system or the structure of the data that is processed by the system.
• A behavioral perspective, where you model the dynamic behavior of
the system and how it responds to events.

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UML diagram types
• Use case diagrams, which show the interactions between a system
and its environment.
• Activity diagrams, which show the activities involved in a process or
in data processing .
• Sequence diagrams, which show interactions between actors and the
system and between system components.
• Class diagrams, which show the object classes in the system and the
associations between these classes.
• State diagrams, which show how the system reacts to internal and
external events.
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 The Unified Modelling Language
• Devised by the developers of object-oriented analysis and design methods
• Has become an effective standard for software modelling
• Has nine different notations State
State
Class
Use Case Diagrams
Diagrams
Use
UseCase
Case Diagrams State
Use Case Diagrams State
Object
Use Case Diagrams
Diagrams Diagrams
Sequence
Diagrams Diagrams
Diagrams
Diagrams
Diagrams

Scenario
Scenario State
State
Collaboration
Diagrams Component
Diagrams
Diagrams Models Diagrams
Diagrams Diagrams

Scenario
Scenario
Component
Component
Statechart
Diagrams Deployment
Diagrams
Diagrams
Diagrams
Diagrams Diagrams
Activity
Diagrams
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Context models
• Context models are used to illustrate the operational context of a
system - they show what lies outside the system boundaries.

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The context of the MHC-PMS (context diagram)

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Process Models
• Context models simply show the other systems in the environment, not how the
system being developed is used in that environment.
• Process models reveal how the system being developed is used in broader
business processes.
• Process models are also know as data flow models.
• UML activity diagrams may be used to define business process models.
Process model of involuntary detention (Activity Diagram)

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Interaction models
• Modeling user interaction is important as it helps to identify user
requirements.
• Modeling system-to-system interaction highlights the communication
problems that may arise.
• Modeling component interaction helps us understand if a proposed
system structure
• Use case diagrams and sequence diagrams may be used for
interaction modelling.

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1- Use case modeling
• Use cases were developed originally to support requirements
elicitation and now incorporated into the UML.
• Each use case represents a discrete task that involves external
interaction with a system.
• Actors in a use case may be people or other systems.
• Represented diagrammatically to provide an overview of the use case
and in a more detailed textual form.

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1.1- Diagram form of Transfer-data use case

• A use case in the mentcare System

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1.2- Tabular description of the ‘Transfer data’ use-case
Medical System: Transfer data

Actors Medical receptionist, patient records system (PRS)

Description A receptionist may transfer data from the mentcare system to a general
patient record database that is maintained by a health authority. The
information transferred may either be updated personal information
(address, phone number, etc.) or a summary of the patient’s diagnosis and
treatment.
Data Patient’s personal information, treatment summary

Stimulus User command issued by medical receptionist

Response Confirmation that PRS has been updated

Comments The receptionist must have appropriate security permissions to access the
patient information and the PRS.

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Use cases in the MHC-PMS involving the
role ‘Medical Receptionist’

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2- Sequence diagrams
• Sequence diagrams are part of the UML and are used to model the
interactions between the actors and the objects within a system.
• A sequence diagram shows the sequence of interactions that take
place during a particular use case or use case instance.
• The objects and actors involved are listed along the top of the
diagram, with a dotted line drawn vertically from these.
• Interactions between objects are indicated by annotated arrows.

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Sequence diagram for View patient
information

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Sequence diagram for Transfer Data

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Structural models
• Structural models of software display the organization of a system in
terms of the components that make up that system and their
relationships.
• Structural models may be static models, which show the structure of
the system design, or dynamic models, which show the organization
of the system when it is executing.
• You create structural models of a system when you are discussing and
designing the system architecture.

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Class diagrams
• Class diagrams are used when developing an object-oriented system
model to show the classes in a system and the associations between
these classes.
• An object class can be thought of as a general definition of one kind
of system object.
• An association is a link between classes that indicates that there is
some relationship between these classes.
• When you are developing models during the early stages of the
software engineering process, objects represent something in the real
world, such as a patient, a prescription, doctor, etc.
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UML classes and association

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Classes and associations in the MHC-PMS

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The Consultation class

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