ch4 Ip Addressing
ch4 Ip Addressing
Addressing
• Four levels of addresses are used in an internet
employing the TCP/IP protocols:
• physical (link) addresses, logical (IP) addresses,
port addresses, and specific addresses
Each address is related to a specific layer in
the TCPIIP architecture.
Physical Addresses
• The physical address, also known as the link address, is the
address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
• It is included in the frame used by the data link layer.
• It is the lowest-level address.
• The physical addresses have authority over the network
(LAN or WAN).
• The size and format of these addresses vary depending on
the network.
• For example,
• Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit) physical address that is imprinted
on (NIC).
• LocalTalk (Apple), has a I-byte dynamic address that changes
each time the station comes up.
Port Addresses
• The IP address and the physical address are necessary for a
quantity of data to travel from a source to the destination host.
• However, arrival at the destination host is not the final
objective of data communications on the Internet.
• A system that sends data from one computer to another is not
complete.
• Today, computers are devices that can run multiple processes
at the same time. The end objective of Internet communication
is a process communicating with another process.
• Example:
Logical Addresses
• Logical addresses are necessary for universal communications
that are independent of underlying physical networks.
• Physical addresses are not adequate in an internetwork
environment.
• The logical addresses are designed for this purpose. A logical
address in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address that can
uniquely define a host connected to the Internet.
• For example, computer A can communicate with
computer C by using TELNET. At the same time,
computer A communicates with computer B by
using the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
• For these processes to receive data simultaneously,
we need a method to label the different processes.
• In other words, they need addresses. In the TCP/IP
architecture, the label assigned to a process is called
a port address. A port address is 16 bits in length.
Specific Addresses
• Some applications have user-friendly addresses that
are designed for that specific address.
• Examples include the e-mail address (for example,
[email protected]) and the Universal Resource
Locator (URL) (for example, www.mhhe.com).
• The first defines the recipient of an e-mail; the
second is used to find a document on the World
Wide Web.
• These addresses, however, get changed to the
corresponding port and logical addresses by the
sending computer.
IP Addresses
IP Address
• An IP address is an address used in order to uniquely
identify a device on an IP network.
• IP Addresses are used to route packets from a
sending node to a receiving node.
• The address is made up of 32 binary bits.
• Divided into a network portion and host portion
with the help of a subnet mask.
• The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
assigns network identifiers to avoid duplications.
IP Address
• The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets
(1 octet = 8 bits).
128.143.137.144
Network prefix and Host number
• The network prefix identifies a network and the host
number identifies a specific host (actually, interface on
the network).
An IP address is a
32-bit
address.
Address space rule
…………..
addr1 …………..
The address spaceaddr15
in a protocol that
addr2 ………….. …………..
uses…………..
N-bits to define an Address is:
addr41
2 N addr226
addr31
………….. …………..
IPv4 address space
Solution
129.11.11.239
Example 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
0 Network Host
1 7 24
10 Network Host
2 14 16
Many class B addresses
are wasted.
Class C Address
• Class C addresses are used for small networks.
• The three high-order bits in a class C address
are always set to binary 1 1 0.
• The next 21 bits complete the network ID.
• The remaining 8 bits (last octet) represent the
host ID.
• This allows for 20,97,152 networks and 254
hosts per network.
Class C Address
Solution
Solution
•158.223.1.108
1st byte = 158 (128<158<191) class B
•227.13.14.88
1st byte = 227 (224<227<239) class D
Example 8
Solution
Solution
Figure 5-6
Solution
The number of subnets must be
a power of 2.
Example 11
Solution
The mask is
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
or
255.255.255.224
The number of subnets is 8.
The number of addresses in each subnet is 25 (5 is the
number of 0s) or 32
Solution (Continued)
The Six Subnets are :
201.70.64.0
201.70.64.32
201.70.64.64
201.70.64.96
201.70.64.128
201.70.64.160
The remaining 2 are unused:
201.70.64.192
201.70.64.224
Subnet 1:
The bit combination is 001.
Taking last octet in binary :0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 32 (10)
Example 3
Example 12
The mask is
Example 4
SUPERNETTING
What is suppernetting?
• Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting.
• In subnetting you borrow bits from the host
part.
• Supernetting is done by borrowing bits from the
network side.
• And combine a group of networks into one
large supernetwork.
Supernetting
• This enables organizations to modify their network
size and minimize the requirement of network
routing devices.
• Helps routers to store routing information effectively.
A supernetwork