Robot Control and

Display
Arduino Level 2
After completing this module, a student should be able to
construct robotics projects with different input and output
devices using sensors and motors controlled and program
in an Arduino microcontroller.
How to establish a workplace safety?

Always remember and make sure that your hands are dry (use gloves if
necessary).

Make sure your working area is clean.

- No liquid materials or drinks
- No conductible material near work area

Make sure where the first aid kit is placed.

The Soldering Iron and
Other Basic Electronics
Tools
Module 1 Lesson 1
Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Target Outcomes

 Enumerate the uses and functions of a soldering iron.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Engage
Guess the words:

+ + +
D
____ _________ _ TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Engage - Answer Keys

Guess the words:

+ + +
D
BIND SOLDERING
IRON
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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Explore

Familiarizing with the basic electronic tools:

1. How does a soldering iron join pieces of metal together?

2. What material is used in fastening wires together?

3. What material is used to remove soldered materials?

4. Give at least three precautionary measures in handling the soldering iron.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Explain

Solder comes from the Latin word solidare which means “to make solid.”
To assemble any electronic project, one must learn the skill of soldering.
Soldering happens when two or more metal items are joined together to form an
electrical connection by melting a filler metal with a relatively low melting
point. The materials essential for soldering are: Soldering iron, Solder wire, and
Flux (Soldering paste).

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Explain

Soldering Iron is a hand tool used in soldering. It supplies heat to melt a lead and solder a
wire to make an electrical connection.

Soldering Lead is a type of metal wire

with a "low" melting point, low enough
to be melted with a soldering iron.

Desoldering Pump also known as a

solder sucker is use to the remove soldered materials or electrical
components from a circuit board for troubleshooting, repair and replacement.
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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Explain

Flux, also called soldering paste, removes the

oxide film from the surface of metals to be soldered.

Wire is a long thin piece of metal that is used

to fasten things or to carry electric current,
power or signals from one place to another.

Wire Stripper is a small, hand-held device

used to strip the electrical insulation from electric wires.

PCB (Printed Circuit Board) is a board that connects various points together, it has layers of copper
laminated onto sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate.
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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Elaborate
USES AND APPLICATIONS FOR A SOLDERING IRON

Soldering in the Roofing Trades

Roofers use solder to fuse galvanized metal for flashing. They also use it to fuse
components of copper roofs. Because accuracy is less important than it is in other trades,
roofing soldering irons have broad tips that heat up quickly and the ability to retain heat
in windy conditions.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Elaborate
USES AND APPLICATIONS FOR A SOLDERING IRON

Soldering Tools for Circuit Boards

Solder guarantees contact between two wires to establish electrical continuity. In

addition, solder "locks" the wiring down to the circuit board. Because solder joints are
typically small, it's common to use a soldering pencil hooked up to a power station that
allows the user to control the temperature.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Elaborate
USES AND APPLICATIONS FOR A SOLDERING IRON

Soldering for Electricians

Electricians often use solder to splice wires when doing residential or commercial
wiring. The also sometimes use solder to fuse wires to electrical terminals inside
electrical devices or on control panels.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Elaborate
USES AND APPLICATIONS FOR A SOLDERING IRON

Soldering Tools for Home Projects

Soldering pencils, guns and irons that are adequate for home use are made in
abundance. Most are heated electrically and have tips that can be used with a propane
torch. The proper tool depends on the project, but tasks like joining wires and circuit-
board repairs may call for varying amounts of heat or more control.
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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Elaborate
USES AND APPLICATIONS FOR A SOLDERING IRON

Soldering in the Jewelry Trades

Jewelers use soldering pens and soldering irons with interchangeable tips, and they
also use accurate torches that burn propane or butane. The solder has a high percentage of
silver, and jewelers typically use borax flux to reduce the metal oxides that form when
you apply heat to metal. Flux is an important component of any soldering job.
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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Elaborate
USES AND APPLICATIONS FOR A SOLDERING IRON

Solder in Auto Repair

Solder isn't strong enough to make engine repairs but is used to fill irregular cavities,
smooth rough surfaces and tighten joints. It's also used to tin the edges of metal sheets, fill
up holes and fuse metal panels when doing auto body repair.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Evaluate
Direction: Fill in the table with the information needed.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Direction: Fill in the table with the information needed.

Soldering in the roofing trades copper roofs

Soldering tools for circuit boards circuit boards
Soldering for electricians electrical terminals
Soldering tools for home projects soldering pencils, guns, and iron
Soldering in the jewelry trades soldering pen, flux
Solder in auto repair metal sheets

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Evaluate
Direction: Give instances when soldering is necessary and how you use it.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Direction: Give instances when soldering is necessary and how you use it.
1. Soldering tools for circuit boards

2. Soldering for electricians

3. Soldering tools for home projects

4. Soldering in the jewelry trades

5. Solder in auto repair

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Additional Assessment
Direction: Describe each material shown below:
1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

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Lesson 1: The Soldering Iron and Other Basic Electronics Tools

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Direction: Describe each material shown below:
1. Desoldering Pump 2. Soldering Wire 3. Printed Circuit Board

4. Soldering Paste 5. Soldering Iron 6. Wire Stripper

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Using Soldering Iron
Module 1 Lesson 2
Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Target Outcomes

Practice safety precautions when using the soldering iron;

Demonstrate how to use the soldering iron; and

Identify the types of wire.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Engage

Watch the video for a basic soldering guide. Take note of the important details in the video then
answer the questions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=279&v=BLfXXRfRIzY

1. What are the materials used in soldering?

2. Why is tinning the tip of the soldering iron important?
3. What safety precaution you think is important when soldering?
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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Explore

Group Activity:

1. Put your heads together and develop a safety guidelines in soldering.

2. Explain the importance of each guideline in ensuring safety.
3. Share your ideas in class.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Explain

A wire is a long thin piece of metal that is used to fasten things or to carry electric
current, power or signals from one place to another.

- Stranded Wire

- Solid Wire

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Explain
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN SOLDERING

Do not play with the soldering iron either if it’s plug in or not.
Be very careful while handling the soldering iron and soldering lead.
Use a medical mask to cover your nose and mouth while using it.
Make sure to place the hot soldering iron in a soldering
stand or in a flat surface.
Do not inhale the melted lead or the smoke.
Do not touch the tip of the soldering iron or melted lead.
Clean the tip of the soldering iron before reusing it.
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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Elaborate
Here are some examples of how the joint should look and common problems:

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Elaborate
Follow the steps in soldering a wire.
1. Trim the wire – remove the insulator of the wire using pliers.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Elaborate
Follow the steps in soldering a wire.
2. Tin your wires – melt some solder into the filaments with your soldering iron.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Elaborate
Follow the steps in soldering a wire.
3. Apply lead – melt the lead to coat the end of the wire.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Elaborate
Follow the steps in soldering a wire.
4. Connect a soldered wire together – re-apply the soldering iron and solder the wires to each
other.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Evaluate
My Own Creation: Design and create your own project through soldering using any materials
that can be joined through soldering. Be creative in your design and in choosing the materials you
will use.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Evaluate – Answer Keys

My Own Creation: Design and create your own project through soldering using any materials
that can be joined through soldering. Be creative in your design and in choosing the materials you
will use.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Additional Assessment
My Own Creation 2: Design and create your own project through soldering using any
materials that can be joined through soldering. Create a 3D art figure using wires connected to each
other. Example: stick figures, chair, table, etc.

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Lesson 2: Using Soldering Iron

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

My Own Creation 2: Design and create your own project through soldering using any
materials that can be joined through soldering. Create a 3D art figure using wires connected to each
other. Example: stick figures, chair, table, etc.

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Project: Soldering Wires
to Printed Circuit Board
(PCB)
Module 1 Lesson 3
Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Target Outcomes

Follow safety measures when using soldering iron;

Use the soldering iron to connect wires into the printed circuit board; and

Demonstrate how to properly solder a wire into a switch.

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Engage SOLDERING WIRES TO A PCB

Activity 1: The KWL Chart: K W L
What I know? What I want to know? What I learned?

Explore
Discussion of the KWL Chart:

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Explain

A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is also known as “printed wiring boards” or

“printed wiring cards” that mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive
tracks, pads and other features etched
from one or more sheet layers of copper
laminated onto and/or between sheet
layers of a non-conductive substrate.

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Explain

A wire is connected to a PCB through soldering which may be part of repairing or

modifying the board or connecting it to another device.

Tinning the tip of the soldering iron

should be done to make the heat from
the tip transfer faster and thereby
making the soldering easier. Also, by
doing so, the process prolongs the life
of the tip of the solder.

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Elaborate

Try this!
Materials:
 Soldering iron
 Soldering Lead
 Soldering Pump
 Wire
 PCB
 Switch

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Elaborate

Try this!

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Evaluate

Procedure
1. Prepare all the
materials needed.
2. Trim and tin the wire.
3. Add lead into the
switch terminal end.
4. Solder the wire into
the switch.

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Procedure
1. Prepare all the
materials needed.
2. Trim and tin the wire.
3. Add lead into the
switch terminal end.
4. Solder the wire into
the switch.

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Additional Assessment

Based on the activity you did last lesson, solder your 3D artwork on a piece of PCB to make it
as a stand. You can display your work inside your classroom and put your name on it.

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Lesson 3: Project: Soldering Wires to Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Based on the activity you did last lesson, solder your 3D artwork on a piece of PCB to make it
as a stand. You can display your work inside your classroom and put your name on it.

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RGB Module
Module 1 Lesson 4
Lesson 4: RGB Module

Target Outcomes

Determine the code to produce color combinations with different intensity

using an RGB module;

Recognize the three primary colors of light; and

Recall the meaning of LED.

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Engage

What is your
favorite color?
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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Engage

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Explore  Cardboard tube measuring approx. 2-3 inches

 Aluminum foil
Poking Fun at Color Mixing
 Wax paper
Tools and Materials:  2 Rubber bands
 Pushpin
 Red, Green, and Blue light bulbs (or LEDs)
 3 Screw-in light sockets
 Power strip with at least 3 parallel outlets
 Power source (extension cord if needed)
 Dark room
 Partner
 Optional: Black construction paper
and 2 additional rubber bands
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Lesson 4: RGB Module
1. Cut the wax paper to a size slightly larger than the
Explore diameter of the tube. Do the same with the aluminum
Poking Fun at Color Mixing foil.
Assembly 2. Cover one end of the tube with the cut piece of
aluminum foil, folding the ends over tightly and
Build your pinhole viewer: securing the foil in place with a rubber band.
3. Cover the other end of the tube with the cut piece of
wax paper, also folding the ends over tightly and
securing in place with a rubber band. Make sure the
surface of the wax paper is as smooth and wrinkle
free as possible; this will be your viewing screen.

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Explore
Poking Fun at Color Mixing
Assembly
Put together your light source:

1. Screw the red, green, and blue bulbs into the

light socket.
2. Plug all 3 sockets into the power strip and plug
the power strip into the wall, but don’t turn the
lights on yet. Place the power strip on the table
or other surface.

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Lesson 4: RGB Module With a pushpin, make a small hole in the center of the foil on your pinhole
viewer. Next, use your finger to enlarge the hole. The hole should be a few
centimeters in diameter It can be ragged or circular in shape.
Explore Make the room as dark as possible, then have your partner turn on the red and
Poking Fun at Color Mixing green lights that are mounted on the power strip while you position yourself
about six feet (2 meters) away.
To Do and Notice
Orient the viewer so the foil side is facing the light source and the wax paper
side is facing you. Hold the viewer up to the light, about 8-10 inches (20
centimeters) from your face, and look at the light being projected onto the wax
paper.

Try to get the light from the green and red bulbs to overlap. What do you
notice? What techniques or modifications produce overlapping colors? Make
sure you can get the colors to overlap before continuing.

Next, ask your partner to switch off the green light and turn on the blue light
(leaving the red light on). What do you notice?

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Explore
Data Collection for Poking Fun at Color Mixing

Record your observations from the following experiments

in the table below.
1. Start by turning on only the red and green bulbs.
Position the viewer so the light from the two bulbs
overlaps on your wax paper screen. (You may need to
move closer to the light source.) What color do you see What color do you think you'll see when all three lights are turned on
in the area of overlap? and overlapping? Make a prediction before doing the experiment.
2. Turn off the green light and turn on the blue, leaving
the red still on. Now what color do you see in the area
of overlap?
3. Finally, turn off the red and turn the green back on.
What color do you see where the blue and green lights
overlap?
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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Explain

RGB Module uses an RGB (Red,

Green, and Blue) LED to emit various
colors and effects in their projects.
RGB color space or RGB color system,
constructs all the colors from the
combination of the Red, Green and
Blue colors.

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Explain

The RGB LED can emit different

colors by mixing the 3 basic colors red,
green and blue. So it actually consists
of 3 separate LEDs red, green and blue
packed in a single case. That’s why it has
4 leads, one lead for each of the 3 colors
and one common cathode or anode depending of the RGB LED type.

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Explain

The three primary colors, red, green, and

blue, can be mixed and compose all kinds
of colors by brightness, so you can make
an RGB LED emit colorful light by controlling
the circuit.

The intensity of the light produced by each LED can be controlled by adjusting the value of
intensity for each color. By mixing or adjusting the intensity this primary colors of light almost all
colors can be produced.

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Elaborate

Materials
Microcontroller USB Cable Jumper Wire
Breadboard 3 pc. 220 Ohms Resistors 1 pc. RGB Module

Procedure
1. Examine the RGB module prepared by your teacher.
2. Study the code that turns the RGB module light into RED.

Activity 1: Seven Color Display

1. Complete the table using your RGB module.
2. Determine the RGB codes that will produce other colors.
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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Elaborate
RED
digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW);
delay(1000);

GREEN BLUE
digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000); delay(1000);
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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Elaborate
YELLOW PURPLE
digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000); delay(1000);

CYAN WHITE
digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000); delay(1000);
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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Elaborate
3. Key in the code for each color using your RGB module.

4. Answer the given questions:

a. Which device in robotics is related to colors?
b. What is the importance of using RGB module in robotics?

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Elaborate – Answer Keys

3. Key in the code for each color using your RGB module.

4. Answer the given questions:

a. Which device in robotics is related to colors? RGB Module
b. What is the importance of using RGB module in robotics?

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Evaluate
1. Manipulate your RGB module and determine the code to produce RED, BLUE and GREEN
colors with different levels of brightness.
2. Complete the table by supplying the missing code for each level of brightness.
3. Answer the question: How will you set up the color intensity of your RGB module? (Type in the
specific value for each color).

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Yellow Green – Turquoise – Purple with Brightness Control Value

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Yellow Green – Turquoise – Purple with Brightness Control Value

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Additional Assessment

Using the RGB LED, use these following RGB codes to program the microcontroller to see
what color that was programmed:

247, 232, 143

187, 51, 245
0, 255, 247
255, 204, 206
59, 169, 237

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Lesson 4: RGB Module

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Using the RGB LED, use these following RGB codes to program the microcontroller to see
what color that was programmed:

247, 232, 143 – Light Yellow

187, 51, 245 – Violet
0, 255, 247 – Cyan
255, 204, 206 – Pink
59, 169, 237 – Light Blue

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 Mixing Colors
Using RGB Module
Module 1 Lesson 5
Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Target Outcomes

Formulate codes to produce random colors with different intensity using the
RGB module;

Compare digitalWrite to analogWrite in programming; and

Identify objects that utilizes an RGB LED to produce random colors with different
intensity.

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Engage
RGB Color Model
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/pixar/color/color-101/v/color-2

Explore
1. What are the special color receptor in our
eyes that we use in order to see colors?
2. How many color receptors do we have?
What color are they sensitive with?
3. How can we create different colors using
Red, Green, and Blue?
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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Explain

Different codes can be used to

produce random colors from the RGB
Module. Variations in intensity of the
three colors produce different range of
colors.

The value of intensity of colors for each LED ranges from 0-255. By adjusting the
value for each color using the analogWrite function in programming.
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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Explain
digitalWrite
Example: blinking LED
int led = 13;
The digital pins have only two
modes - ON (1) or OFF (0). We void setup() {
pinMode(led, OUTPUT); //digital pin as an output
use the constants HIGH (on) }
and LOW (off) since this makes
it easier to read code. Digital pin void loop() {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH); //tum the LED on
always gives the output power of delay(1000); //wait for a second
5V when HIGH and 0V when LOW. digitalWrite(led. LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
The pin need to be configured with delay(1000); //wait for a second
}
pinMode(). digitalWrite(pin,value)
//sets pin to value (LOW or HIGH)
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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Explain
analogWrite

The digital pins 3,5,6,9, 10 and 11 have a special function called PWM(). For these pins we are using the
command analogWrite(). With the PWM mode we can transform the 5V output into a range of 255 possible
levels. Instead of going from 0V to 5V in one instance it goes from 0V to 5V in 255 steps.

analogWrite(pin, value); //writes 'value' to analog 'pin' //value = between 0(off) and 255 (on)

A value of 0 generates a steady 0 volts output at the specified pin; a value of 255 generates a steady 5 volts
output at the specified pin. For values in between 0 and 255, the pin rapidly alternates between 0 and 5
volts – the higher the value, the more often the pin is HIGH (5 volts). For example, a value of 64 will be 0
volts three-quarters of the time, and 5 volts one quarter of the time; a value of 128 will be at 0 half the
time; and a value of 192 will be 0 volts one quarter of the time and 5 volts three-quarters of the time.
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Elaborate
By mixing and adjusting the intensity of Red, Green, and Blue light, different colors can be
produced through the RGB module. Our knowledge in producing different colors with different
intensities can be used in lighting and can be beneficial to our lives.
1. RGB lighting is great for performance lighting. It’s bright, beautiful and enticing. It can
be placed in the kitchen and laundry room simply for the presence of color. They’re also
great in a kid’s playroom or bedroom for accent lighting.
2. Working as mood lighting, RGB lights are great for relaxation in a bedroom. For
example, the emission of green light is said to bring the sense of serenity and low stress
of calmness while blue light offers the feeling of calmness and blue rooms makes people
more productive.
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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Elaborate
3. An article on Well + Good (https://www.wellandgood.com/good-looks/color-bathing-led-
lights-in-the-shower/) covers the benefits of having colored LEDs in the shower. It says
they are “emotionally therapeutic and potentially beneficial to your skin.” They’re
explained to have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. This reason alone sounds
good enough! Green light supposedly reduces tension while pink is great for drawing in
the feeling of love.
4. You would think since RGB lighting is so vibrant and strong that they would emit a lot of
heat. Well, you’d be surprised to know that it’s actually the opposite. LEDs use less
energy, so naturally emit less heat (and are cheaper!) There’s always a benefit of
knowing you’re saving money and resources.

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Evaluate
Changing Random Colors
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
3 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. RGB Module
Create a code that will display random colors for every 30 seconds with ten (10) repetition.

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Evaluate
Changing Random Colors
Key in the code for changing random colors

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Changing Random Colors

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Evaluate
Changing Color Spectrum
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
3 pcs. 220 Ohms Resistor
1 pc. RGB Module

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Evaluate
Changing Color Spectrum
Key in the code for a changing random colors with different intensity

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Changing Color Spectrum

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Additional Assessment

After generating the codes, write something about what you understand in the
changes of colors of LEDs?

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Lesson 5: Mixing Colors Using RGB Module

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

After generating the codes, write something about what you understand in the
changes of colors of LEDs?

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4 Digital Tube
Module 1 Lesson 6
Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Target Outcomes

Compare and contrast a 4 Digital Tube to a Seven-Segment Display; and

Define a 4 Digital Tube.

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Engage

1. Have you tried watching a ball game?

2. Did you notice a clock like display placed at the top of the board?
3. How would you describe that clock?

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Engage

A seven-segment display
(SSD), or seven-segment indicator,
is a form of electronic display
device for displaying decimal
numerals.

The individual segments of a seven-segment display.

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Explore

This is a picture of a seven-

segment display. Using this as
reference, determine which
segments should light up in order
to produce numbers from 0-9.

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Explore

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Explain

4 digital tube is a chip to form a 4-digit numerical display module that are
sometimes called “Digital Tube”.

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Explore

What makes digital display useful?

1. Digital display provides the right information, at the right place at the right time.

2. A well programmed digital tube will deliver information that is relevant to the
user.

3. Digital tube can be paired with sensors to trigger content based on external
stimuli. This lets the user interact with the display to present specific content or
play games.

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Evaluate
Activity: Displaying Same Numbers in 4 Digital Tube
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
4 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. 4 Digital Tube

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Evaluate
Key in the code for the assigned numbers/letters in a 4 digital tube.

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube
digitalWrite(D1, HIGH); // OFF
digitalWrite(D2, LOW); // ON
Evaluate – Answer Keys digitalWrite(D3, LOW); // ON
int pinA = 2; pinMode (pinA, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(D4, LOW); //ON
int pinB = 3; pinMode (pinB, OUTPUT);
int pinC = 4; pinmode (pinC, OUTPUT); //0
int pinD = 5; pinMode (pinD, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH); //ON
int pinE = 6; pinMode (pinE, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH); //ON
int pinF = 7; pinMode (pinF, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH); //ON
int pinG = 8; pinMode (pinG, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinD, HIGH); //ON
int D1 = 9; pinMode (D1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinE, HIGH); //ON
int D2 = 10; pinMode (D2, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinF, HIGH); //ON
int D3 = 11; pinMode (D3, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(pinG, LOW); //OFF
int D4 = 12; pinMode (D4, OUTPUT); delay(1000);
} digitalWrite(D1, LOW);
void setup() { digitalWrite(D2, HIGH);
void loop() {
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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube
//3
digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH);
Evaluate – Answer Keys digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinD, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinE, LOW);
digitalWrite(D3, LOW); //2 digitalWrite(pinF, LOW);
digitalWrite(D4, LOW); digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinG, HIGH);
delay(1000); digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(pinC, LOW);
//1 digitalWrite(pinD, HIGH); //4
digitalWrite(pinA, LOW); digitalWrite(pinE, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinA, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinF, LOW); digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinG, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinD, LOW); delay(1000); digitalWrite(pinD, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinE, LOW); digitalWrite(D1, LOW); digitalWrite(pinE, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinF, LOW); digitalWrite(D2, LOW); digitalWrite(pinF, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinG, LOW); digitalWrite(D3, LOW); digitalWrite(pinG, HIGH);
delay(1000); digitalWrite(D4, HIGH); delay(1000);

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 //6
Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinB, LOW;
//8
digitalWrite(ping, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinD, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH);
Evaluate – Answer Keys digitalWrite(pinE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinF, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinD, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinG, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinE, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(pinF, HIGH);
//5 digitalWrite(pinG, HIGH);
//7
digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinB, LOW); digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH); //9
digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinD, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinA, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinD, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinE, LOW); digitalWrite(pinB, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinE, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinF, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinC, HIGH);
digitalWrite(pinF, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinG, HIGH); digitalWrite(pinD, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinG, LOW);
delay(1000); digitalWrite(pinE, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(pinF, HIGH);
digitalWrite(D1, LOW);
digitalWrite(pinG, HIGH);
digitalWrite(D2, LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(D3, LOW);
}
digitalWrite(D4, LOW);
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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Additional Assessment

Form a group, using a 4 digital tube, perform a spelling bee game with a twist. The
groups should provide the code that was used in spelling the correct answer. First team to
spell correctly and show the code wins.

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Lesson 6: 4 Digital Tube

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Form a group, using a 4 digital tube, perform a spelling bee game with a twist. The
groups should provide the code that was used in spelling the correct answer. First team to
spell correctly and show the code wins.

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Working with
4 Digital Tube
Module 1 Lesson 7
Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Target Outcomes

Determine the correct code to produce numbers and letters in a 4 digital

tube; and

Enumerate the uses of a 4 Digital Tube.

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Engage WORKING WITH 4 DIGITAL TUBE

Activity 1: The KWL Chart: K W L
What I know? What I want to know? What I learned?

Explore
Discussion of the KWL Chart:

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Explain

Each segment in a digit corresponds

to a letter from A-G where codes are used to
display numbers and letters in a 4 digital tube.

4 digital tubes are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, basic calculators, and other
electronic devices that display numerical information.

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Elaborate
Activity 1: Type a Number to Display
Materials
Microcontroller
Breadboard
USB Cable
4 pcs. 220 Ohms Resistors
Jumper Wire
1 pc 4 Digital Tube

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Elaborate
Activity 1: Type a Number to Display
Procedure:
1. Each group must form a circle.
2. Prepare your 4 digital tube.
3. Your teacher will ask questions. Display your answer using your 4 digital
tube.
4. The first group to give the correct answer will get the corresponding score.
5. The group with the highest accumulated score will get 30 points, the second
highest will get 25 points followed by 20, 15, and 10 points.

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Elaborate
Answer the following questions using your 4 digital tube:
1. Ten apples was divided by five children. How many apples will each child have?

2. When is Christmas day celebrated? December ___

3. What is the animal known to be the man’s best friend?

4. What is the opposite of bad?

5. What do you call a system of words, letters, figures, or other symbols substituted
for other words, letters, etc., especially for the purposes of secrecy?

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Elaborate – Answer Keys

Answer the following questions using your 4 digital tube:
1. Ten apples was divided by five children. How many apples will each child have?
2

2. When is Christmas day celebrated? December ___ 25

3. What is the animal known to be the man’s best friend? DOG

4. What is the opposite of bad? GOOD

5. What do you call a system of words, letters, figures, or other symbols substituted
for other words, letters, etc., especially for the purposes of secrecy? CODE
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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Evaluate
Using your 4 digital tube, code a two/three/four letter word. Write the code on the
space provided then share it with the class.

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Using your 4 digital tube, code a two/three/four letter word. Write the code on the
space provided then share it with the class.

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Additional Assessment
Solve the following math equations using your 4 digital tube:
1. 378 x 24 = ?

2. 89 x 51 - 706 = ?

3. 862 x 750 / 423 = ?

4. 568 - 357 + 811 = ?

5. (942 / 8) + (12 x 83) = ?

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Lesson 7: Working with 4 Digital Tube

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Solve the following math equations using your 4 digital tube:
1. 378 x 24 = 9072

2. 89 x 51 - 706 = 3833

3. 862 x 750 / 423 = 1528

4. 568 - 357 + 811 = 1022

5. (942 / 8) + (12 x 83) = 1114

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Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR)
Module 2 Lesson 8
Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Target Outcomes

Cite practical uses and applications of the LDR sensor;

Identify some factors affecting the function of an LDR sensor.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Engage
Activity 1:

Think-Pair-Share.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Engage

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Explore

SHARE

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Explain

A Photoresistor or Light Dependent Resistor

is a component that is sensitive to light. When light
falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of
the resistance of the LDR may change over
many orders of magnitude the value of the
resistance falling as the level of light increases.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Explain

They are made up of semiconductor

materials having high resistance. There
are many different symbols used to
indicate a LDR, one of the most commonly
used symbol is shown in the figure below.
The arrow indicates light falling on it.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Explain

LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) varies

its resistance based on the amount of light
that hits the surface, we can measure the
resistance and use that to determine the
level of light present.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Explain
Parts of LDR

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Explain

LDR’s have low cost and simple structure.

They are often used as light sensors. They are
used when there is a need to detect absences
or presences of light.

Cameras use LDR to for shutter control and

flash control they both work depending on the
amount of light hitting the surface of the LDR.
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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Elaborate
Fill in the table below. Add as many as examples as you can.
Device that uses LDR Uses and Applications
(How it works)
1.DSLR Cameras Controls the shutter and flash. If the
LDR detects that it is dark the flash
will automatically be turned on.
Same idea goes for the shutter.

2.
3.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Elaborate – Answer Keys

Fill in the table below. Add as many as examples as you can.
Device that uses LDR Uses and Applications
(How it works)
1.DSLR Cameras Controls the shutter and flash. If the
LDR detects that it is dark the flash
will automatically be turned on.
Same idea goes for the shutter.

2.
3.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Evaluate

1. How does an LDR work?

2. What are the factors affecting the functions of an LDR sensor?

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Evaluate – Answer Keys

1. How does an LDR work?

2. What are the factors affecting the functions of an LDR sensor?

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Additional Assessment

Write an essay about the importance of LDRs in our daily life and how it affects us.

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Lesson 8: Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Write an essay about the importance of LDRs in our daily life and how it affects us.

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Working
with LDR
Module 2 Lesson 9
Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Target Outcomes

Determine the codes used for programming an LDR sensor;

Use the if and else statement in programming the robot; and

Be familiar with “if and else statement” in programing.

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Engage
Modified True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is true. If FALSE, change the
underlined word to make the statement correct.

1. LDR stands for Light Dependent Ratio.

2. The LDR can be used as sensor.
3. The LDR is made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
4. The resistance of LDR varies based on the amount of shadow that hits its
surface.
5. In most common types of LDR, the resistance increases as the light intensity
falling upon the device increases.

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Engage – Answer Keys

Modified True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is true. If FALSE, change the
underlined word to make the statement correct.

1. FALSE, Resistor
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE, light
5. FALSE, decreases

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explore
Activity 1: LDR as a Light Sensor
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. LDR Sensor
1 pc. LED (Any Color)

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explore – Answer Keys

int ledpin = 13; if (ldrStatus <=300){
int ldrpin = A0; digitalWrite(ledpin, HIGH); //turn LED on
Serial.println("LDR is DARK,LED is ON");
void setup() { }
pinMode(ledpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ldrpin, INPUT); else{
Serial.begin(9600); // set baud rate at “9600” digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW); //turn LED off
} Serial.println("-----------------");
}
void loop() { }
int ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrpin);
// check if the ldr status is <=300
//if it is , the LED is HIGH
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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explore

1. What happens to the LED when the level of light that hits the surface of the LDR
decreases?

2. What happens to the LED when the level of light that hits the surface of the LDR
increases?

3. How will you describe the relationship between the amount of light that hits the LDR
to resistance based on LED’s response?

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explain

A Light Dependent Resistor may turn on and off when light changes its intensity. Thus, it
may be used as a light sensor. An LDR may also be used as a switch according to the ambient
light.

Light Sensors are photoelectric devices that convert light energy (photons) whether visible
or infra-red light into an electrical (electrons) signal.

A Light Sensor generates an output signal indicating the intensity of light by measuring the
radiant energy that exists in a very narrow range of frequencies basically called “light”, and
which ranges in frequency from “Infra-red” to “Visible” up to “Ultraviolet” light spectrum.
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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explain

This basic light sensor circuit is of

a relay output light activated switch.
A potential divider circuit is formed
between the photoresistor, LDR and
the resistor R1. When no light is present
i.e. in darkness, the resistance of the LDR
is very high in the Mega ohms (MΩ) range
so zero base bias is applied to the transistor
TR1 and the relay is de-energized or “OFF”.
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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explain

As the light level increases the resistance

of the LDR starts to decrease causing the base
bias voltage at V1 to rise. At some point
determined by the potential divider network
formed with resistor R1, the base bias voltage
is high enough to turn the transistor TR1 “ON”.

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explain
int inPin = AO; //Pin the sensor is connected to
int sensorVal = 0; //Variable to store sensor data

void setup () {
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Serial Communication started... \n");
}

void loop () {
sensorVal = analogRead(inPin);
//analogRead will read the voltage on the pin specified and return it as a value between 0 and 1024.
Serial.printin(sensorVal);
//Print the sensor reading to the serial window so we can view the data.
}
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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explain

1. What is the sensor value when it is bright?

2. What is the sensor value when it is dark?

3. From what you have observed based on the values depending on the amount of
light, how will you use this concept in programming the LDR with another
device like LED?

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Explain – Answer Keys

1. What is the sensor value when it is bright? More than 700

2. What is the sensor value when it is dark? Less than 700

3. From what you have observed based on the values depending on the amount of
light, how will you use this concept in programming the LDR with another
device like LED?

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Evaluate
Activity 2: LDR Sensor with LED (Light Level Sensor)
Materials
 Microcontroller
 Jumper Wire
 Breadboard
 5 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
 4 pcs. LED (Any Color)
 1 pc. LDR Sensor

Procedure
1. Form a group with ___ members.
2. Follow the setup in the schematic and key in the code for this activity.
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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Evaluate – Answer Keys

const int ldrPin = A0; void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
const int ledPin1 = 9;
pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT);
const int ledPin2 = 10;
pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT);
const int ledPin3 = 11;
pinMode(ledPin3, OUTPUT);
const int ledPin4 = 12;
pinMode(ledPin4, OUTPUT);
}
int ldrValue = 0;
int ldrlevel=400; // level sensitivity LDR void loop() {
int ldrlevel1=600; // level sensitivity LDR ldrValue = analogRead(ldrPin);
int ldrlevel2=700; // level sensitivity LDR Serial.println(ldrValue);
int ldrlevel3=800; // level sensitivity LDR
int ldrlevel4=900; // level sensitivity LDR
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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Evaluate – Answer Keys

if (ldrValue < ldrlevel) { else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel2) {
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);
}
}
else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel0) { else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel3) {
digitalWrite(ledPin4, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);
} digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH);
else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel1) { }
else (ldrValue < ldrlevel4) {
digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); }
} }
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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Additional Assessment

Write something about what you have learned from the differences in LDR when
there is light and when there is none.

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Lesson 9: Working with LDR

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Write something about what you have learned from the differences in LDR when
there is light and when there is none.

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Combination Project:
RGB + 7 Segment
Display
Module 2 Lesson 10
Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Target Outcomes

Create a combined project using RGB with 7 Segment Display.

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Engage

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Explore

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Explore – Answer Keys

sevseg.begin(hardwareConfig, numDigits, digitPins,
#include "SevSeg.h" segmentPins, resistorsOnSegments);
SevSeg sevseg; sevseg.setBrightness(90);
}

void setup() { void loop() {

byte numDigits = 1; for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
byte digitPins[] = {}; sevseg.setNumber(i, i % 2);
delay(1000);
byte segmentPins[] = {6, 5, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9};
sevseg.refreshDisplay();
bool resistorsOnSegments = true; }
byte hardwareConfig = COMMON_CATHODE; }

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Explore

An RGB module can be used together with a segment to emit various colors, numbers, and/or
letters effects in their projects. Each segment in a digit corresponds to a letter from A-G where codes
are used to display numbers and letters in a 4 digital tube.

It can be seen that to display any single digit number from 0 to 9 in binary or letters from A to
F in hexadecimal, we would require 7 separate segment connections plus one additional connection
for the LED’s “common” connection. Also as the segments are basically a standard light emitting
diode, the driving circuit would need to produce up to 20mA of current to illuminate each individual
segment and to display the number 8, all 7 segments would need to be lit resulting in a total current
of nearly 140mA, (8 x 20mA)

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Elaborate
Arduino Tutorial: How to use an RGB LED with Arduino

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Evaluate
Activity 1: RGB Module with 7 Segment Display (Modified Stop Light)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
4 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. RGB Module
1 pc 7 Segment

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Evaluate - Answer Keys digitalWrite (pinB, LOW);

digitalWrite (pinC, LOW);
pinMode (pinB,OUTPUT);
pinMode (pinC,OUTPUT); digitalWrite (pinD, HIGH);
int pinA = 2;
pinMode (pinD,OUTPUT); digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH);
int pinB = 3;
pinMode (pinE,OUTPUT); digitalWrite (pinF, LOW);
int pinC = 4;
pinMode (pinF,OUTPUT); digitalWrite (pinG, LOW);
int pinD = 5;
pinMode (pinG,OUTPUT); delay(1000);
int pinE = 6;
pinMode(RED_PIN, OUTPUT); digitalWrite (pinA, LOW); //3
int pinF = 7;
pinMode(GREEN_PIN, OUTPUT); digitalWrite (pinB, LOW);
int pinG = 8;
pinMode(BLUE_PIN, OUTPUT); digitalWrite (pinC, LOW);
} digitalWrite (pinD, LOW);
int RED_PIN = 9;
digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH);
int GREEN_PIN = 10;
void loop() { digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH);
int BLUE_PIN = 11;
// Red (turn just the red LED on) digitalWrite (pinG, LOW);
digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH); delay(1000);
void setup() {
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite (pinA, LOW); //2
pinMode (pinA,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite (pinB, LOW);
digitalWrite (pinA, HIGH); //4
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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

delay(1000);
Evaluate – Answer Keys digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinA, HIGH); //1
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH);digitalWrite (pinB, LOW); digitalWrite (pinC,
digitalWrite (pinC, HIGH); digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW);LOW);
digitalWrite (pinD, LOW); digitalWrite (pinA, LOW); //3 digitalWrite (pinD, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinE, LOW); digitalWrite (pinB, LOW); digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH); digitalWrite
digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinC, LOW); (pinF, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinG, LOW); digitalWrite (pinD, LOW); digitalWrite (pinG, HIGH);
delay(1000); digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH); delay(1000);
digitalWrite (pinA, HIGH); //1 digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH); // Green (turn just the green LED on):
digitalWrite (pinB, LOW); digitalWrite (pinG, LOW); digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite (pinC, LOW); delay(1000); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinD, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinA, LOW); //2 digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinB, LOW); digitalWrite (pinA, LOW); //5
digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinC, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinB, HIGH); digitalWrite
digitalWrite (pinG, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinD, LOW); (pinC, LOW);
delay(1000); digitalWrite (pinE, LOW); digitalWrite (pinD, LOW); digitalWrite
// Yellow (turn red and green on) digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH); (pinE, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinG, LOW);
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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Evaluate – Answer Keys

digitalWrite (pinF, LOW); digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinA, HIGH); //1
digitalWrite (pinG, LOW); digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinB, LOW);
delay(1000); digitalWrite (pinG, LOW); digitalWrite (pinC, LOW);
digitalWrite (pinA, HIGH); //4 delay(1000); digitalWrite (pinD, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinB, LOW); digitalWrite (pinA, LOW); //2 digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinC, LOW); digitalWrite (pinB, LOW); digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinD, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinC, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinG, HIGH);
digitalWrite (pinE, HIGH); digitalWrite (pinD, LOW); delay(1000);
digitalWrite (pinF, LOW); digitalWrite (pinE, LOW); }
digitalWrite (pinG, LOW); digitalWrite (pinF, HIGH);
delay(1000); digitalWrite (pinG, LOW);
digitalWrite (pinA, LOW); //3 delay(1000);
digitalWrite (pinB, LOW);
digitalWrite (pinC, LOW);
digitalWrite (pinD, LOW);
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Additional Assessment
1. Which technology is similar to the sample activities you have done? Why?

2. In what other ways can you use your learnings from these activities?

3. Draw your own Arduino design project based on the previous sample activities and list
down the materials that will be used.
Draw a program flow using flowchart symbols.

Describe the purpose of your project.

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Lesson 10: Combination Project: RGB + 7 Segment Display

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

1. Which technology is similar to the sample activities you have done? Why?

2. Draw your own Arduino design project based on the previous sample activities and list
down the materials that will be used.
Draw a program flow using flowchart symbols.

Describe the purpose of your project.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Combination Project:
RGB + Buzzer + LDR
Module 2 Lesson 11
Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Target Outcomes

Create a combined project using the RGB with Buzzer and the LDR with Buzzer.

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Engage

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Explore
Complete Turn Taking Activity
1. Have the entire class arrange themselves by group.
2. One student reads a question aloud. The student to their left then has one minute of
uninterrupted time to speak and give their thoughts. This person signals that they are
done speaking by saying, “OK, I’m done.”
3. The next person to the left goes, has one minute of uninterrupted time to speak, and
signals they are done by saying, “OK I’m done.” Finally, the third student to the left goes,
following the same pattern.
4. After three people have had a chance to speak, the conversation is opened up to the
whole group for two minutes of discussion.
The next student gets to ask a question, and this cycle continues.

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Explain

The RGB module together with a buzzer can be used as an indicator for a specific
function in a device.

The LDR may act as a switch for the buzzer in which the presence of light will act as
a sensor for the buzzer to turn ON or OFF.

The buzzer’s output sound level may vary depending on the ambient light or
intensity of the light thrown on the LDR or the color being displayed by the RGB module.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Explain

An RGB LED is actually three small

LEDs – one red, one green and one blue –
inside a normal LED housing. The RGB LED
included in this kit has all the internal LEDs
share the same ground wire, so there are
four legs in total. To turn one color on, ensure
ground is connected, then power one of the legs just as you would a regular LED. If you
turn on more than one color at a time, you will see the colors start to blend together to form
a new color.
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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Explain

A buzzer or beeper is an audio

signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for
short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation
of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Elaborate
Applications of LDRs
Lighting switch
The most obvious application for an LDR is to automatically turn on a light at a certain
light level. An example of this could be a streetlight or a garden light.

Camera shutter control

LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be used
to measure the light intensity, which then adjusts the camera shutter speed to the appropriate level.
Typical uses of buzzers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or keystroke.

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Elaborate
Activity 1: RGB Module with Buzzer (Alarm System Red + Green)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
4 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. RGB Module
1 pc. Buzzer

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Elaborate – Answer Keys void loop() {

digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); //produce sound
int buzzer = 2; // Red (turn just the red LED on):
int RED_PIN = 9; digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH);
int GREEN_PIN = 10; digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW);
int BLUE_PIN = 11; digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW);
delay (500);
void setup() { digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW); // NO Sound
pinMode (buzzer, OUTPUT); // Green (turn just the green LED on):
pinMode(RED_PIN, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH);
pinMode(GREEN_PIN, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW);
pinMode(BLUE_PIN, OUTPUT);
delay (500);
} }

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Evaluate
Activity 2: LDR with Buzzer (Light Identifier)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
4 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. Buzzer
1 pc. LED (Any Color)

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

void loop() {
Evaluate – Answer Keys int ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrpin);
// check if the ldr status is <=300
int buzzer= 2; //if it is , the LED is HIGH
int ledpin = 5; if (ldrStatus <=300) {
int ldrpin = A0; digitalWrite(ledpin, HIGH); //turn LED on
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW); // NO Sound
void setup() { Serial.println("LDR is DARK, LED is ON");
pinMode(ledpin, OUTPUT); }
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT); else {
pinMode(ldrpin, INPUT); digitalWrite(ledpin, LOW); //turn LED off
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); //produce sound
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("--LED OFF—SOUND ON--");
// set baud rate at “9600”
}
} }

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Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Additional Assessment

Reflect on the activities you’ve already done and make an assessment of yourself
based on what you’ve learned on this activity. Write it in a sheet of paper.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 11: Combination Project: RGB + Buzzer + LDR

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Reflect on the activities you’ve already done and make an assessment of yourself
based on what you’ve learned on this activity. Write it in a sheet of paper.

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Combination Project:
LDR + LED + Buzzer
Module 2 Lesson 12
Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Target Outcomes

Recall the codes and commands about LDR and LED to be able to create a
combined project using the LDR + LED + buzzer.

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Engage
Kapitang Kulay

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Explore

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Explore
Write down the steps in creating a project using LDR+LED+Buzzer based on the
pictures.
1. 2.

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Explore
Write down the steps in creating a project using LDR+LED+Buzzer based on the
pictures.
3. 4.

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Explain

An LDR can be used as a switch for a buzzer and a LED.

The LDR can act as a light sensor in the project; when light shines on the LDR, the
buzzer will alarm and the led will start flashing.

Three components can be used together to perform individual functions that are
interconnected.

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Elaborate

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Evaluate
Activity 1: LDR with Buzzer (Light Identifier)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
4 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. Buzzer
5 pcs. LED (Any Color)

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer
digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH);
Evaluate – Answer Keys }
void setup() { else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel2) {
int ldrPin = A0; pinMode(ledPin0, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledPin3, LOW);
int ledPin0 = 8; pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH);
int ledPin1 = 9; pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT); }
int ledPin2 = 10; pinMode(ledPin3, OUTPUT); else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel3) {
int ledPin3 = 11; pinMode(ledPin4, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);
int ledPin4 = 12; pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH);
int buzzer = 13; } }
int ldrValue = 0; else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel4) {
// level sensitivity LDR void loop() { digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);
int ldrlevel=400; ldrValue = analogRead(ldrPin); digitalWrite(ledPin0, HIGH);
int ldrlevel0=500; if (ldrValue < ldrlevel) { }
int ldrlevel1=600; digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); else {
int ldrlevel2=700; } digitalWrite(ledPin0, LOW);
int ldrlevel3=800; else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel0) { digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
int ldrlevel4=900; digitalWrite(ledPin4, HIGH); }
} }
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else if (ldrValue < ldrlevel1) {
Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Additional Assessment

Create a program that will make a siren-like circuit. The lights will alternatively
blink while the buzzer will produce a sound with different intensities.

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Lesson 12: Combination Project: LDR + LED + Buzzer

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Create a program that will make a siren-like circuit. The lights will alternatively
blink while the buzzer will produce a sound with different intensities.

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Combination Project: 4
Digital Tube +
Potentiometer
Module 2 Lesson 13
Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Target Outcomes

Create a combined project using the 4 Digital Tube with Potentiometer.

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Engage
Activity 1: Recall the previous lesson about digital tube by completing the table
below.

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Engage – Answer Keys

Activity 1: Recall the previous lesson about digital tube by completing the table
below.

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Explore
Describe me!

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Explain

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable, variable resistor with three terminals. Two

terminals are connected to a resistive element, the third terminal is connected to an
adjustable wiper. The position of the wiper determines the output voltage.

Schematic Symbol of a Potentiometer

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Explain

The variable resistance provided by the potentiometer can be displayed using a 4

digital tube.

The number displayed on a 4 digital tube can be controlled based on the value given
off by the potentiometer.

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Elaborate

One project that you can make using

digital tube and potentiometer is an Arduino
FM radio where the digital tube displays the
channels and the potentiometer act as
controller to adjust the channels.

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Evaluate
Activity 1: Adding Number with Potentiometer Control
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
4 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. 4 Digital Tube
Potentiometer

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer
void displayNumber(int toDisplay) {
#define DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS 300
Evaluate – Answer Keys #define DIGIT_ON LOW
#define DIGIT_OFF HIGH
void setup() {
pinMode(segA, OUTPUT); long beginTime = millis();
int digit1 = 9; for(int digit = 4 ; digit > 0 ; digit--) {
pinMode(segB, OUTPUT);
int digit2 = 10; //Turn on a digit for a short amount of time
pinMode(segC, OUTPUT);
int digit3 = 11; switch(digit) {
pinMode(segD, OUTPUT);
int digit4 = 12; case 1:
pinMode(segE, OUTPUT);
int segA = 2; digitalWrite(digit1,
pinMode(segF, OUTPUT);
int segB = 3; DIGIT_ON);
pinMode(segG, OUTPUT);
int segC = 4; break;
pinMode(digit1, OUTPUT);
int segD = 5; case 2:
pinMode(digit2, OUTPUT);
int segE = 6; digitalWrite(digit2, DIGIT_ON);
pinMode(digit3, OUTPUT);
int segF = 7; break;
pinMode(digit4, OUTPUT);
int segG = 8; case 3:
}
int num=0; digitalWrite(digit3, DIGIT_ON);
int potpin = A0; break;
void loop() {
int val = 0; case 4:
val = analogRead(potpin);
val = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 9999); digitalWrite(digit4, DIGIT_ON);
displayNumber(val); break; TechFactors Copyright 2020

} }
Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Evaluate – Answer Keys while( (millis() - beginTime) < 10);

//Wait for 10ms to pass before it display again
}
//Turn on the right segments for this digit //Given a number, turns on those segments
lightNumber(toDisplay % 10); //If number == 10, then turn off number
toDisplay /= 10;
delayMicroseconds (DISPLAY_BRIGHTNESS); void lightNumber(int numberToDisplay) {
//Display this digit for a fraction of a second //may be need invert
//(between 1us and 5000us, 500 is pretty good) #define SEGMENT_ON HIGH
//Turn off all segments #define SEGMENT_OFF LOW
lightNumber(10); switch (numberToDisplay) {
//Turn off all digits case 0:
digitalWrite(digit1, DIGIT_OFF); digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(digit2, DIGIT_OFF); digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(digit3, DIGIT_OFF); digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(digit4, DIGIT_OFF); digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_ON);
} digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_ON);

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_OFF);
Evaluate – Answer Keys digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_ON);
break; break;
case 1: case 3:
digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_ON);
break; break;
case 2: case 4:
digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON);
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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

case 6:
Evaluate – Answer Keys digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_ON);
break; break;
case 5: case 7:
digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_OFF); digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_OFF);
break; break;
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Evaluate – Answer Keys

case 8: digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_ON);
digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON); break;
digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON); case 10:
digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_OFF);
break; digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_OFF);
case 9: digitalWrite(segF, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segA, SEGMENT_ON); digitalWrite(segG, SEGMENT_OFF);
digitalWrite(segB, SEGMENT_ON); break;
digitalWrite(segC, SEGMENT_ON); }
digitalWrite(segD, SEGMENT_ON); }
digitalWrite(segE, SEGMENT_OFF);
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Additional Assessment

Write something about what you have learned based on the activity you have done in
this lesson.

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Lesson 13: Combination Project: 4 Digital Tube + Potentiometer

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Write something about what you have learned based on the activity you have done in
this lesson.

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Tilt Switch
Module 3 Lesson 14
Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Mercury is a poisonous substance.

Make sure not to touch the chemicals
with your bare hands.

If accidentally spilled or broken, wash

the affected parts with running water.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Target Outcomes

Cite examples of practical applications and uses of a tilt switch.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Engage
Pictionary

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Engage – Answer Keys

Pictionary
TILT SWITCH

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explore

1. Describe the tilt switch.

2. Observe the tilt switch by tilting in

the direction of the opposite pole.
How does it work?

3. When do you say that it is switched on?

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explore

Tilt Switch or Mercury Switch is an electrical

switch that opens and closes a circuit when a small
amount of the liquid metal mercury connects metal
electrodes to close the circuit. When it is tilted a
small amount of the liquid metal mercury makes
contact with metal electrodes to close the circuit.

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explore
The basic parts of a tilt switch:

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explore

Tilt switch or Mercury switch is influenced by MOTION and GRAVITY

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Roll Sensing

Tilt switches provide a rollover or tip over warning for applications like
construction equipment and lift vehicles that operate in rugged terrain. There are
several non-mercury types, but few are implemented due to sensitivity to shock and
vibration, causing false tripping. However, devices resistant to shock and vibration
do exist.

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Automotive Uses

Automobile manufacturers once used mercury switches for lighting controls

(for example, trunk lid lights), ride control, and anti-lock braking systems. Scrapped
automobiles can leak mercury to the environment if these switches are not properly
removed. Since 2003, new American-built cars no longer use mercury switches.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Fall Alarm

Work performed in confined space (such as a welder inside a tank) raises

special safety concerns. Tilt switches sound an alarm if a worker falls over.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Air Craft

Electrically driven attitude indicators typically use mercury switches to keep the
gyro axis vertical. When the gyro is off vertical, mercury switches trigger torque
motors that move the gyro position back to the correct position (air driven attitude
indicators use a different operating principle).

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Thermostat

Mercury switches were once common in bimetal thermostats. The weight of the
movable mercury drop provided some hysteresis by a degree of over-center action.
The bimetal spring had to move further to overcome the weight of the mercury,
tending to hold it in the open or closed position. The mercury also provided positive
on-off switching, and could withstand millions of cycles without contact
degradation.

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Doorbells

Some old doorbells, for example, the Soviet ZM-1U4, use mercury switches as
current interrupters.

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Vending Machines

Mercury switches are still used in electro-mechanical systems where physical

orientation of actuators or rotors is a factor. They are also commonly used in vending
machines for tilt alarms that detect when someone tries to rock or tilt the machine to
make it vend a product.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Explain
The Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

Bombs

A tilt switch can trigger a bomb. Mercury tilt switches can be found in some
bomb and landmine fuses, typically in the form of anti-handling devices, for
example, a variant of the VS-50 mine.

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Elaborate
To what fields can you apply the concept of tilt switch? How tilt switches can be
used in the following fields?

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Elaborate – Answer Keys

To what fields can you apply the concept of tilt switch? How tilt switches can be
used in the following fields?

Industrial Vehicles Satellites

Machines

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Evaluate
Activity 1: Enumerate the uses, features and safety measures in handling a tilt or
mercury switch. Use the image below as your guide.
Features and Structure Safety Measures in
of Tilt Switch Handling Tilt Switch

Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Activity 1: Enumerate the uses, features and safety measures in handling a tilt or
mercury switch. Use the image below as your guide.
Features and Structure Safety Measures in
of Tilt Switch Handling Tilt Switch

They are digital Do not keep excess

sensors which only mercury – purchase
turn on/off only amounts that
will be completely
by tilting to one used. Never use a
Uses and Applications of Tilt Switch
side and the other. mercury
Mercury tilt switches can be found in some
thermometer in a
bomb and landmine fuses, typically in the form
laboratory oven.
of anti-handling devices, for example, a variant
of the VS-50 mine.
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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Evaluate
Activity 2: Answer the given questions:

1. What element (substance) is used in a tilt switch?

2. Why do we have to handle a tilt switch with extra care?

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Activity 2: Answer the given questions:

1. What element (substance) is used in a tilt switch?

Mercury

2. Why do we have to handle a tilt switch with extra care?

Mercury is very toxic.

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Additional Assessment
Describe each part of a tilt switch:

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Lesson 14: Tilt Switch

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Describe each part of a tilt switch:

ball bearing connects central

pin to metal case

central pin insulated from metal case

outer pin connected to metal case

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Working with
Tilt Switch
Module 3 Lesson 15
Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Target Outcomes

Design and control a tilt switch device using an LED.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Engage
The Mystery Word
1. ATAAIAALAAT ASAAAWAAIAATACAAAH

2. QQQLQQQEQQAQQQD

3. MAIACAARAAOACAAOAANATRAOALAALAAEAARA

4. QQAQRQQDQQQUQQIQQQNQQO

5.AWAAEA ADAIAD AAIAAAT !

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Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Engage – Answer Keys

The Mystery Word
1. ATAAIAALAAT ASAAAWAAIAATACAAAH

2. QQQLQQQEQQAQQQD

3. MAIACAARAAOACAAOAANATRAOALAALAAEAARA

4. QQAQRQQDQQQUQQIQQQNQQO

5.AWAAEA ADAIAD AAIAAAT !

TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Explore

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Explain

A tilt switch or sometimes referred to as “mercury switch” is a sensor that detects

inclination or orientation of the object and accordingly gives its high or low output.

If used with LEDs, a tilt switch may be used to turn a device ON or OFF whenever
there’s a change in inclination or orientation.

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Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Elaborate
Draw a simple circuit. Apply the concept of tilt switch in your illustrated circuit and
explain your work.

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Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Evaluate
Activity 1: Tilt Switch with LED
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
2 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
1 PC Tilt switch
LED

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Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Evaluate – Answer Keys

int tpin = 7; delay (1000);
int led = 2; }
else {
void setup() { digitalWrite(led, LOW);
pinMode (led, OUTPUT); delay (1000);
pinMode (tpin, INPUT); }
//Set pin 7 to input for reading the sensor. }
}

void loop() {
if (digitalRead(tpin) == true) {
digitalWrite(led, HIGH);

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Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Additional Assessment

Based on the activity you have done, explain your experience on what you have
learned about tilt switch.

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Lesson 15: Working with Tilt Switch

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Based on the activity you have done, explain your experience on what you have
learned about tilt switch.

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Managing and Adding
Library
Module 3 Lesson 16
Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Target Outcomes

Manage and add libraries to an Arduino IDE program.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Engage

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Explore

Servo Library
attach() - Attach the Servo variable to a pin.
write() - Writes a value to the servo, controlling the shaft accordingly.
writeMicroseconds() - Writes a value in microseconds (uS) to the servo,
controlling the shaft accordingly.
read() - Read the current angle of the servo (the value passed to the last call
to write().
attached() - Check whether the Servo variable is attached to a pin.
detach() - Detach the Servo variable from its pin.
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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Explore

SD Library
exists() - Tests whether a file or directory exists on the SD card.
mkdir() - Create a directory on the SD card.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Explain
Libraries are a collection of code that makes it easy for you to connect to a sensor, display,
module, etc.

It allows you to call functions that are already written. For example, the Stepper Motor library
contains all of the raw code to access the hardware, all you need to do is initialize it and call the
functions. A library does all the heavy lifting so you can use your modules quickly and easily.

Through the use of libraries, the Arduino can be extended just like most programming
platforms. It provides extra functionality for use in working with hardware or manipulating data.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Elaborate
Steps on How to Locate the Liquid Crystal Library
1. On the tool bar, navigate Sketch then click Include Library Menu.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Elaborate
Steps on How to Locate the Liquid Crystal Library
2. Click on Manage Library then choose Library Manager and the following window
will appear:

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Elaborate
Steps on How to Locate the Liquid Crystal Library

You can then search by keyword for a library. For an example searched for Stepper
Motor. Once located it will now install into the library of your Arduino directory and once it is all
install completely into your Arduino directory you can use it any time.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Elaborate
Another Steps on How to Locate the Liquid Crystal Library
1. On the tool bar navigate Sketch click Include Library then choose Add .zip
Library.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Elaborate
Another Steps on How to Locate the Liquid Crystal Library
2. Locate and select the .zip File that will be added to the Arduino Directory
and then click Open.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Elaborate
Another Steps on How to Locate the Liquid Crystal Library
3. Once done go to File click Example Menu then locate the Added zip file
you included.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Evaluate
Activity: LCD Display
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. Potentiometer
1 pc. 1602 LCD

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library
void setup() {
//initialize LCD and set up the number of columns //and
Evaluate – Answer Keys rows:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
//create a new character
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> lcd.createChar(0, hearat);
//initialize the library with the numbers of the //create a new character
//interface pins lcd.createChar(1, smiley);
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); //create a new character
//make some custom characters: lcd.createChar(2, frownie);
byte heart[8] = {0b00000, 0b01010, 0b11111, 0b11111, //create a new character
0b11111, 0b01110, 0b00100, 0b00000}; lcd.createChar(3, armsDown);
byte smiley[8] = {0b00000, 0b00000, 0b01010, //create a new character
0b00000, 0b00000, 0b10001, 0b01110, 0b00000}; lcd.createChar(4, armsUp);
byte frown[8] = {0b00000, 0b00000, 0b01010, //Print a message to the lcd.
0b00000, 0b00000, 0b00000, 0b01110, 0b10001}; lcd.print("I ");
byte armsDown[8] = {0b00100, 0b01010, 0b00100, lcd.write(byte(0));
0b00100, 0b01110, 0b10101, 0b00100, 0b01010}; //when calling lcd.write() '0' must be cast as a byte
byte armsUp[8] = {0b00100, 0b01010, 0b00100, lcd.print(" Arduino! ");
0b10101, 0b01110, 0b00100, 0b00100, 0b01010}; lcd.write((byte) 1);
} TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Evaluate – Answer Keys

void loop() {
//read the potentiometer on A0:
int sensorReading = analogRead(A0);
//map the result to 200 - 1000:
int delayTime = map(sensorReading, 0, 1023, 200, 1000);
//set the cursor to the bottom row, 5th position:
lcd.setCursor(4, 1);
//draw the little man, arms down:
lcd.write(3);
delay(delayTime);
lcd.setCursor(4, 1);
//draw him arms up:
lcd.write(4);
delay(delayTime);
}
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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Evaluate
Complete the table by keying in the correct code for the given emoticons.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Complete the table by keying in the correct code for the given emoticons.

byte heart[8] = { byte frown[8] = byte Byte

0b00000, { 0b00000, armsDown[8] = armsUp[8] =
0b01010, 0b00000, { 0b00100, { 0b00100,
0b11111, 0b01010, 0b01010, 0b01010,
0b11111, 0b00000, 0b00100, 0b00100,
0b11111, 0b00000, 0b00100, 0b10101,
0b01110, 0b00000, 0b01110, 0b01110,
0b00100, 0b01110, 0b10001 0b10101, 0b00100,
0b00000 }; 0b00100, 0b01010 0b00100, 0b01010
}; }; };

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Additional Assessment

Write an essay about each function of the SD Library and the Servo Library.

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Lesson 16: Managing and Adding Library

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Write an essay about each function of the SD Library and the Servo Library.

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LCD Display
Module 3 Lesson 17
Lesson 17: LCD Display

Target Outcomes

Compare 1602 LCD with different LCDs of televisions, projectors and modern
mobile phones;

Program the display output of an LCD Display.

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Engage

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Explore
Activity: The class will be divided into four groups and will be assigned to share
their insights for each topic to the class:

Group 1: Discuss the meaning of LCD (including the historical background) and
how LCDs work or are constructed.

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Explore
Activity: The class will be divided into four groups and will be assigned to share
their insights for each topic to the class:

Group 2: Advantages and Disadvantages of LCD

Advantages Disadvantages
1.________________________ 1.________________________
______ _____
2.________________________ 2.________________________
_____ _____
3.________________________ 3.________________________
_____ _____
4.________________________ 4.________________________ TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 17: LCD Display

Explore
Activity: The class will be divided into four groups and will be assigned to share
their insights for each topic to the class:

Group 3: Differences between CRT, LED, LCD, plasma and other display
technologies.

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Explore
Activity: The class will be divided into four groups and will be assigned to share
their insights for each topic to the class:

Group 4: Applications of Liquid Crystal Display. Students will cite major

applications of LCD in the field of science and engineering as well on electronic devices.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 17: LCD Display

Explain

1602 LCD (liquid crystal display) is

the technology used for displays in
notebook and other smaller computers.

1602 LCD is a basic 16 character by 2 line display. Black text on Green/Blue

background. Interface code is freely available. You will need 7 or 11 general I/O pins to
interface to this LCD screen. Includes LED backlight.

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Explain
IIC I2C Interface Adapter Module is used
for 16×2 LCD Display. It uses the PCF8574T IC
chip which converts I2C serial data to parallel
data for the LCD display. Also this interface
module simplifies connecting an Arduino to a
16×2 Liquid Crystal display using only 4 wires.

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Elaborate
The LCD Pinout Pin No. Symbol Name Function

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Elaborate – Answer Keys

The LCD Pinout Pin No. Symbol Name Function
1 Vss Ground Ground pin connected to system ground
2 Vdd +5V Powers the LCD with +5V (4.7V – 5.3V)
3 VE Contrast V Decides the contrast level of display.
Connected to Microcontroller to shift
4 Register Select
between command/data register
Used to read or write data. Normally
5 Read/Write
grounded to write data to LCD
Connected to Microcontroller Pin and toggled
6 Enable
between 1 and 0 for data acknowledgement
7-14 Data Pin 0-7 Data pins 0 to 7 forms a 8-bit data line.
15 LED+ LED Positive Backlight LED pin positive terminal
16 LED- LED Negative Backlight LED pin negative terminal

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Evaluate
Activity 1: LCD Display (Hello World!)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. Potentiometer
1 pc. 1602 LCD

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Evaluate - Answer Keys

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> delay(2000);
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); lcd.clear();
//clear all characters
void setup() { //new characters
lcd.begin(16, 2); lcd.print("Arduino Projects");
lcd.print(" Hello World! "); lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
//words will display at first line lcd.print(" Training");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); delay(2000);
lcd.print(" welcome "); lcd.clear();
//words will display second line }

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Activity 2: Answer the given question.

How does the 1602 LCD differ from the LCD of the televisions, projectors, and
modern mobile phones?

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Additional Assessment

Using a 1602 LCD, create a program that will (1) show your first name, (2) last
name, and (3) your age.

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Lesson 17: LCD Display

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Using a 1602 LCD, create a program that will (1) show your first name, (2) last
name, and (3) your age.

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LCD Display and the IIC
I2C Adapter Module
Module 3 Lesson 18
Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Target Outcomes

Explain the functionality of a potentiometer in an LCD without module that uses

a breadboard.

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Engage

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Explore
Activity:
Materials:
I2C LCD adapter module
LCD display 16x2
Arduino Uno
Arduino IDE

Procedure: Make a connection from the LCD module to the Arduino board. Set the hardware
connections using the I2C adapter module. Connect the I2C LCD adapter to LCD display by simply
soldering the I2C adapter as shown in the image. Then, connect the adapter to Uno as follows: Vcc
to 5V, Gnd to Gnd, SDA to A4, SCL to A5.
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Explore

What do you think is the main function of the I2C adapter module?

What do you noticed about the connections between Arduino and its LCD display when using
the I2C Module? Compare the number of connections in normal LCD display and I2C LCD display.

Using a small screw, manipulate the blue color component (potentiometer). What have you
noticed?

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Explain

When the I2C adapter module is not present, the connection should be from the LCD
module to the Arduino board. With I2C adapter module, the LCD Module and Arduino
should be connected through the I2C Module.

The brightness on the LCD display can be adjusted using the potentiometer in an
LCD display without I2C adapter module.

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Explain

I2C (I-square-C i.e. IIC) means inter-integrated communication protocol. It is also

known as 2 line protocol.

IC/I2C Interface Adapter Module is used for 16×2 LCD Display. It uses the
PCF8574T IC chip which converts I2C serial data to parallel data for the LCD display.
Also this interface module simplifies connecting an Arduino to a 16×2 Liquid Crystal
display using only 4 wires.

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Explain

The black adapter uses the PCF8574T IC

chip which converts I2C serial data to parallel
data for the LCD display. The blue color Pin Configuration of I2C LCD Display
component is a potentiometer which is used
to adjust the brightness of the display.

The two wires are SDA and SCL which are

Serial Data and Serial Clock respectively.
The two I2C wires

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Elaborate
Make a comparison on the circuit connections when we wire up the LCD to Arduino
without the I2C adapter and with the adapter.

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Elaborate – Answer Keys

Make a comparison on the circuit connections when we wire up the LCD to Arduino
without the I2C adapter and with the adapter.

With I2C adapter When the I2C

module, the LCD Module adapter module is not
and Arduino should be present, the connection
connected through the I2C should be from the LCD
Module. module to the Arduino
board.

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Evaluate
Activity 1: LCD Display (Hello World!)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 1602 LCD with IIC
I2C Adapter Module

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Evaluate – Answer Keys

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
//set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16 chars and 2 line display

void setup() {
lcd.init(); //initialize the lcd
lcd.backlight(); //open backlight
lcd.print(" Hello World! "); //words will display at first line
lcd.setCursor (0, 1);
lcd.print(" welcome "); //words will display second line
delay(2000);
}

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Evaluate
Activity 2: Answer the given question.

How does 1602 LCD with IIC I2C Adapter Module differ from the LCD of the
televisions, projectors, and modern mobile phones?

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Evaluate – Answer Keys

Activity 2: Answer the given question.

How does 1602 LCD with IIC I2C Adapter Module differ from the LCD of the
televisions, projectors, and modern mobile phones?
It uses the PCF8574T IC chip which converts I2C serial data to parallel
data for the LCD display.

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Additional Assessment

Using the 1602 LCD with IIC I2C Adapter Module, create a program that will show
and replace “world” in “Hello world” with your pet’s name.

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Lesson 18: LCD Display and the IIC I2C Adapter Module

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Using the 1602 LCD with IIC I2C Adapter Module, create a program that will show
and replace “world” in “Hello world” with your pet’s name.

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Making the LCD
Characters Move
Module 3 Lesson 19
Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Target Outcomes

Control displayed characters using 1602 LCD;

Display characters in a 1602 LCD and make it move from left to right and
vice versa; and

Determine codes used in LCD display.

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Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Engage

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Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Explore
Activity: Build Circuit
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
Arduino IDE
1 pc. 1602 LCD with IIC
I2C Adapter Module

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Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Explore
Activity: Build Circuit
The Code

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Explain

LCD with built in interface adapter module simplifies connection using only 4 wires.
The LCD module can be connected to an Arduino board in two ways:

1. Direct connection from the LCD module to the Arduino board

2. LCD Module and Arduino board connected through an I2C Module

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Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Elaborate
Extra Functions
These are almost all of the current methods that you’re able to call for the
Arduino LCD display:
Auto-scroll: Shift text right and left.
autoscroll(); This will move the text one space to the left
whenever a new character is added.
noAutoscroll(); Turns off auto scrolling.
Cursor: This allows you to turn off and on the underscore cursor.
noCursor(); Turns off the underscore cursor.
Cursor(); Turns on the underscore cursor.
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Elaborate
Extra Functions
Blink: Turns on and off the blinking of the block cursor.
noBlink(); Turns off the blinking cursor.
blink(); Turns on the blinking cursor.
Display: Make the display go blank without losing the current text.
noDisplay(); Turns off the display.
display(); Turns on the display.
Scroll: Allows you to scroll the text both left and right.
scrollDisplayLeft(); Will scroll one position to the left.
scrollDisplayRight(); Will scroll one position to the right.
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Elaborate
Extra Functions
Serial Display: You can print the text sent through the serial port on the screen.
write(Serial.read());
Set Cursor: Sets the cursor to a specific position. (Location, Line)
setCursor(0, 0); Will set the cursor to be at the top left.
setCursor(15, 1); Will set the cursor to be at the bottom right.
Text Direction: Allows you to tell which way the text should flow from the
cursor.
rightToLeft(); Forces the text to flow from the left of the cursor.
leftToRight(); Forces the text to flow from the right of the cursor.

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Evaluate
Activity 1: LCD Display (Serial Display)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 1602 LCD with IIC
I2C Adapter Module

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Evaluate – Answer Keys

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4); //clear the screen
lcd.clear();
void setup() { //read all the available characters
lcd.init(); while (Serial.available() > 0) {
//initialize the lcd //display each character to the LCD
lcd.backlight(); lcd.write(Serial.read());
Serial.begin(9600); }
} }
}
void loop() {
//when characters arrive over the serial port...
if (Serial.available()) {
// wait a bit for the entire message to arrive
delay(100);
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Evaluate
Activity 2: LCD Display (Scroll Display)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 1602 LCD with IIC
I2C Adapter Module

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Evaluate – Answer Keys

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> void loop() {
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); //scroll 13 positions (string length) to the left
//to move it offscreen left:
void setup() { for (int positionCounter = 0; positionCounter < 13;
lcd.init(); positionCounter++) {
//initialize the lcd //scroll one position left:
lcd.backlight(); lcd.scrollDisplayLeft();
lcd.begin(16, 2); //wait
//Print a message to the LCD. delay(150);
lcd.print("hello, world!"); }
delay(1000); }
}

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Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Additional Assessment

Create a program that shows a popular quote using the moving LCD from right to
left.

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Lesson 19: Making the LCD Characters Move

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Create a program that shows a popular quote using the moving LCD from right to
left.

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Project: Disappearing
Display
Module 3 Lesson 20
Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Target Outcomes

Determine the codes used in LCD display to make it blink.

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Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Engage
Activity: Staring Contest

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Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Explore
Study the other functions (Blink, cursor and display function) of the Liquid Crystal I2C library
below. Then try displaying your own name in the LCD. Apply the following concepts for your work.

Cursor #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4); void loop() {
cursor(); Displays the LCD lcd.cursor();
//Change to (0x27,16,2) for 16x2
cursor: an underscore (line) at the LCD. delay(500);
position of the next character to be lcd.noCursor();
printed. void setup() { delay(500);
lcd.init(); }
noCursor(); Hides the LCD cursor.
lcd.backlight();
The following example creates a blinking lcd.print("Hello World!");
cursor at the end of “Hello World!”. }

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Explore #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4);
//Change to (0x27,16,2) for 16x2 LCD.
Blink
blink(); Creates a blinking block void setup() {
lcd.init();
style LCD cursor: a blinking rectangle
lcd.backlight();
at the position of the next character to lcd.print("Hello World!");
be printed. }
noBlink(); Disables the block style
void loop() {
LCD cursor. The following example
lcd.blink();
displays the blinking cursor for 5 seconds delay(5000);
and then disables it for 2 seconds. lcd.noBlink();
delay(2000);
}

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Explore #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4);
//Change to (0x27,16,2) for 16x2 LCD.
Display
display(); This function turns on the void setup() {
lcd.init();
LCD screen and displays any text or
lcd.backlight();
cursors that have been printed to the lcd.print("Hello World!");
display. }
noDisplay(); This function turns off
void loop() {
any text or cursors printed to the LCD.
lcd.display();
The text/data is not cleared from the delay(2000);
LCD memory. This means it will be shown lcd.noDisplay();
again when the function display() is called. delay(2000);
}

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Explain

The LCD with no built-in interface adapter module uses a breadboard that has a
separate potentiometer and a much complex connection.

An LCD with I2C adapter module connects through a bread board and uses a
separate potentiometer. The potentiometer can be used to adjust the brightness on the
LCD display to make it appear and disappear.

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Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Elaborate
Activity:

Enumerate ways on how to fix a screen that blinks/flicker or troubleshooting

steps to help keep monitor flicker free.

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Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Evaluate
Activity 1: LCD Display (Blink and Line Cursor!)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. Potentiometer
1 pc. 1602 LCD

TechFactors Copyright 2020

Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Evaluate – Answer Keys lcd.print(" LCD DISPLAY!");

delay(2000);
lcd.print(" NO Blink ");
lcd.noBlink();
lcd.clear(); //Blink Off
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> } delay (2000);
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); lcd.clear();
void loop() { lcd.print(" Line Cursor ");
void setup() { lcd.print(" Hello "); //Display Line Cursor at the
lcd.begin(16, 2); lcd.setCursor(0, 1); end of text
lcd.print("Arduino Projects"); lcd.print(" World.. "); lcd.cursor();
delay(2000); delay (1000); //initialize cursor
lcd.clear(); lcd.clear(); delay (2000);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.print(" Blink cursor "); lcd.clear();
lcd.print(" SAMPLE"); //Display Cursor at the end lcd.print(" NO Line ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); of text lcd.noCursor();
lcd.print(" ACTIVITY "); lcd.blink(); //Cursor Off
delay(2000); //initialize blink delay (2000);
lcd.clear(); delay (2000); lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0); lcd.clear(); }
TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Evaluate
Activity 2: LCD Display (Display _ No Display Text)
Material
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. Potentiometer
1 pc. 1602 LCD

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Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Evaluate – Answer Keys

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> void loop() {

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2); //Turn off the display
void setup() { lcd.noDisplay();
//set up the LCD's number delay(500);
of columns and rows //Turn on the display:
lcd.begin(16, 2); lcd.display();
//Print a message to the LCD. delay(500);
lcd.print("hello, world!"); }
}

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Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Additional Assessment

Describe each function in disappearing display in LCD:

a. Cursor

b. Blink

c. Display

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Lesson 20: Project: Disappearing Display

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Describe each function in disappearing display in LCD:

a. Cursor – Displays and hides the LCD cursor.

b. Blink – Creates and disables the block style LCD cursor.

c. Display – Turns on and off any text displayed on the LCD.

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Combination Project:
RGB Module +
LCD Display
Module 4 Lesson 21
Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Target Outcomes

Create a project using RGB module with a display of Tri-color.

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Engage

What are your observations?

If we set the brightness of all three LEDs

to be the same, what will be the resulting color?

If we turn off the blue LED, so that just the

red and green LEDs are the same brightness, what will be the resulting color?

How can we produce different colors?

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Explore

Inside the RGB led, there are three more LED’s. So by changing the brightness of
these LED’s, we can obtain many other colors. To change brightness of RGB LED, we
can use the PWM pins of Arduino. The PWM pins will give signal different duty cycles to
the RGB LED to obtain different colors.

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Explore
Activity 1:
Students will set up in the circuit
diagram and program or key in the code
for this activity. Students will configure
various colors by playing with different
values. Let students configure colors
generated from combined PWM values on
the 3 LEDs. They will adjust the RGB LED to
change to different colors by assigning different
values of brightness levels to 3 primary colors
using the function analogWrite(value).

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Explore
Activity 1:
COLOR RED GREEN BLUE
RED
GREEN
BLUE
YELLOW
ORANGE
VIOLET
RASPBERRY
TURQUOISE
WHITE
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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Explore – Answer Keys

Activity 1:
COLOR RED GREEN BLUE
RED 255 0 0
GREEN 0 255 0
BLUE 0 0 255
YELLOW 255 255 0
ORANGE 255 125 0
VIOLET 125 0 255
RASPBERRY 255 0 125
TURQUOISE 0 255 125
WHITE 255 255 255
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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Explore

What is an RGB Module? What does RGB stands for?

How do we generate different colors using the RGB LED?

How do we adjust the brightness of each LED?

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Explain
An RGB LED is basically three LEDs’
in one. It has 4 leads, the red, green, blue
LED and the long lead in which all three LEDs
are connected through the same pin is the
common ground. The color can be controlled
based on the voltages you write to the different
control pins, they make a mixture and produce
several thousands of colors.

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Explain
Two Types of RGB LEDS
Anode RGB LEDs -In a common anode RGB LED, the three LEDs share
a positive connection.
Common cathode RGB LEDs - all three LEDs share a negative
connection.

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Elaborate

RGB LED module can be use with Arduino in three ways:

1. Change color automatically

2. Pushbutton and RGB LED

3. Potentiometer and RGB LED - set colors

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Elaborate
Activity: In Between Colors
Using the same group of students, try the “in between colors”. try mixing
colors play around with a program that will independently turn on and achieving the
following colors. Program the Arduino and RGB LED to display even more colors.
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow
Orange
Purple

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Evaluate
Activity 1: RGB Module with LCD Display (Tri – Color Display)
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
4 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. Potentiometer
1 pc. 1602 LCD
1 pc. RGB Module

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Evaluate – Answer Keys pinMode (RED_PIN, OUTPUT);

pinMode (GREEN_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode (BLUE_PIN, OUTPUT);
#include <LiquidCrystal.h> }
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void loop() {
int RED_PIN = 8; //Red (turn just the red LED on):
int GREEN_PIN = 9; digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH);
int BLUE_PIN = 10; digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW);
void setup() { lcd.print(" Color ");
//set up the LCD's number of columns and rows lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.begin(16, 2); lcd.print(" RED.. ");
//Print a message to the LCD delay (1000);
lcd.print(" TRI - COLORS!"); lcd.clear();
delay (1000); //Green (turn just the green LED on):
lcd.clear(); digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW);

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Evaluate – Answer Keys

//Blue (turn just the blue LED on):
digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW);
digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW);
lcd.print(" Color "); digitalWrite(BLUE_PIN, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); lcd.print(" Color ");
lcd.print(" GREEN.. "); lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
delay (1000); lcd.print(" BLUE.. ");
lcd.clear(); delay (1000);
lcd.clear();
}

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Additional Assessment

Explain and write in a sheet of paper what is RGB and its two types.

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Lesson 21: Combination Project: RGB Module + LCD Display

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Explain and write in a sheet of paper what is RGB and its two types.

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Combination Project:
Tilt Switch +
LCD Display
Module 4 Lesson 22
Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Target Outcomes

Create a project using LCD display that can be manipulated using a tilt switch.

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Engage
1. What are tilt sensors?

2. What is the similarity of this type of switch to an electrical switch?

3. Enumerate applications of tilt switches.

4. How do this tilt sensors work?

5. If tilt switch are used with LEDs, what is the main function of a tilt switch?

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Engage – Answer Keys

1. What are tilt sensors?

2. What is the similarity of this type of switch to an electrical switch?

3. Enumerate applications of tilt switches.

4. How do this tilt sensors work?

5. If tilt switch are used with LEDs, what is the main function of a tilt switch?

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Explore
Think-Pair-Share.
What factors influence the functionality of tilt sensors? Enumerate and explain
its specification.

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Explore
Think-Pair-Share.
Enumerate the different key applications of a tilt sensors

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Explore
Think-Pair-Share.

What are the key benefits and advantages of tilt sensors?

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Explain

The principle is of a tilt switch is very

simple. When the switch is tilted in a certain
angle, the ball inside rolls down and touches
the two contacts connected to the pins outside,
thus triggering circuits. Otherwise the ball will
stay away from the contacts, thus breaking
the circuits.

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Explain

When the switch is tilted in the appropriate direction, the contacts will be connected,
tilting the switch the opposite direction causes the metallic ball to move away from that
set of contacts, thus breaking that circuit.

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Elaborate
Activity:

Write an essay, or a paragraph, describing how switches found on common

appliances in the home make those appliances more functional, or easier to operate.

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Evaluate
Activity 1: Tilt Switch with LCD Display
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
1 pc. 220Ω Resistor
1 pc. Tilt Switch
1 pc. I2C with LCD 1602

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Evaluate – Answer Keys

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> if (digitalRead(tpin) == true) {
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Tilted!");
int tpin = 7; delay (1000);
lcd.clear();
void setup() { }
lcd.init(); //initialize the lcd else {
lcd.backlight(); //open the backlight lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
pinMode (tpin, INPUT); lcd.print(" Upright!");
//Set pin 7 to input for reading the sensor delay (1000);
} lcd.clear();
}
void loop() { }
lcd.begin(16, 2);

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Additional Assessment

Create a program using tilt switch that when you switch on, the LCD will show a
happy reaction and when you switch off, the LCD will show a sad reaction.

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Lesson 22: Combination Project: Tilt Switch + LCD Display

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Create a program using tilt switch that when you switch on, the LCD will show a
happy reaction and when you switch off, the LCD will show a sad reaction.

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Combination Project:
LCD Display + LED
Module 4 Lesson 23
Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Target Outcomes

Create a project using LCD display with LED light.

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Engage
Activity 1
Solve the following to reveal words that you might encounter during the
lesson.
1. Microscope – scope + contact – act + roller =

2. Little – ittl + doll – oll =

3. Life – ife + chrome – hrome + dart – art =

4. Breath – th + lead – lea + blackboard – black =

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Engage - Answer Keys

Activity 1
Solve the following to reveal words that you might encounter during the
lesson.
1. Microscope – scope + contact – act + roller = MICROCONTROLLER

2. Little – ittl + doll – oll = LED

3. Life – ife + chrome – hrome + dart – art = LCD

4. Breath – th + lead – lea + blackboard – black = BREADBOARD

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Engage
Activity 2: Bring Me

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Explain
Activity 3:

List down the steps on how these materials (microcontroller, LED, LCD,
Breadboard) work together.

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Elaborate

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Evaluate
Activity 1: LCD Display with LED Light
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
2 pcs. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. I2C with LCD 1602
2 pcs. LED (Red and Green)

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Evaluate – Answer Keys void loop() {

lcd.begin(16, 2);
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> digitalWrite(LED_RED, HIGH);
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); digitalWrite(LED_GREEN, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
int LED_RED = 8; lcd.print("RED LED ON");
int LED_GREEN = 13; delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
void setup() { digitalWrite(LED_RED, LOW);
lcd.init(); digitalWrite(LED_GREEN, HIGH);
lcd.backlight(); lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
pinMode(LED_RED, OUTPUT); lcd.print(" GREEN LED ON");
pinMode(LED_GREEN, OUTPUT); delay(2000);
} lcd.clear();

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Evaluate – Answer Keys

digitalWrite(LED_RED, LOW);
digitalWrite(LED_GREEN, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" BOTH LED OFF");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(LED_RED, HIGH);
digitalWrite(LED_GREEN, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(" BOTH LED ON");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}
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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Additional Assessment

Write in a sheet of paper on what are the different colors of LED can be used in
showing the display in an LCD.

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Lesson 23: Combination Project: LCD Display + LED

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Write in a sheet of paper on what are the different colors of LED can be used in
showing the display in an LCD.

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 Combination Project:
Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube
+ LED
Module 4 Lesson 24
Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Target Outcomes

Apply the concepts from the previous lessons to create a single project.

Create a project that can count number per digit with tic sound and flashing light

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Engage
Pass Me The Box

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Explore
Our Project

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Explain

Buzzer produces sound.

A 4 Digital Tube is a chip used to

form a 4-digit numerical display. It is also
sometimes called a “Digital Tube.”

LED emits different colors of light.

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Elaborate

Have you seen a digital counter?

How will you relate the lesson about combination project using 4 digital tube, LED,
and buzzer in digital counter?

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Evaluate
Activity 1: Counting Number per Digit with TIC Sound and Flashing Light
Materials
Microcontroller
USB Cable
Jumper Wire
Breadboard
5 pc. 220Ω Resistors
1 pc. 4 Digital Tube
1 pc. Passive buzzer
1 pc. LED (Any Color)

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Evaluate – Answer Keys void setup() {

//set all the pins of the LED display
#include <TimerOne.h> long n = 0; as output
//n represents the value displayed on the pinMode(d1, OUTPUT);
int a = 2; LED display. For example, when n=0, pinMode(d2, OUTPUT);
int b = 3; 0000 is displayed. The maximum value pinMode(d3, OUTPUT);
int c = 4; is 9999. pinMode(d4, OUTPUT);
int d = 5; int x = 100; pinMode(a, OUTPUT);
int e = 6; int del = 5; pinMode(b, OUTPUT);
int f = 7; //Set del as 5; the value is the degree of fine pinMode(c, OUTPUT);
int g = 8; tuning for the clock pinMode(d, OUTPUT);
int d1 = 9; int count = 0; pinMode(e, OUTPUT);
int d2 = 10; //Set count=0. Here count is a count value pinMode(f, OUTPUT);
int d3 = 11; that increases by 1 every 0.1 second, pinMode(g, OUTPUT);
int d4 = 12; which means 1 second is counted pinMode(buzz, OUTPUT);
int buzz = 13; when the value is 10// pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
int led = 1; Timer1.initialize(100000);
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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Evaluate – Answer Keys delay(del);//delay 5ms

clearLEDs(); //clear the 7-segment display screen
//set a timer of length 100000 pickDigit(1); //Light up 7-segment display d2
microseconds (or 0.1 sec – or pickNumber((n%1000)/100); //get the value of hundred
10Hz => the led will blink 5x, delay(del);//delay 5ms
5 cycles of on and off per second) clearLEDs(); //clear the 7-segment display screen
Timer1.attachInterrupt( add ); pickDigit(2); //Light up 7-segment display d3
//attach the service routine here pickNumber(n%100/10); //get the value of ten
} delay(del);//delay 5ms
clearLEDs(); //clear the 7-segment display screen
void loop() { pickDigit(3);//Light up 7-segment display d4
clearLEDs(); pickNumber(n%10);//Get the value of single digit
//clear the 7-segment display screen delay(del);//delay 5ms
pickDigit(0); }
//Light up 7-segment display d1
pickNumber((n/1000)); void pickDigit(int x) {
// get the value of thousand //light up a 7-segment display
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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Evaluate – Answer Keys

digitalWrite(d3, LOW); //Light d3 up
//The 7-segment LED display is a common cathode break;
one. So also use digitalWrite to set d1 as high default:
and the LED will go out digitalWrite(d4, LOW); //Light d4 up
digitalWrite(d1, HIGH); break;
digitalWrite(d2, HIGH); }
digitalWrite(d3, HIGH); }
digitalWrite(d4, HIGH);
switch(x) { //The function is to control the 7-segment LED display to
case 0: display numbers. Here x is the number to be displayed. It is an
digitalWrite(d1, LOW);//Light d1 up integer from 0 to 9
break;
case 1: void pickNumber(int x) {
digitalWrite(d2, LOW); //Light d2 up switch(x) {
break; default:
case 2: zero(); break;

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED
void zero() {
//the 7-segment led display 0
Evaluate – Answer Keys eight(); break;
digitalWrite(a, HIGH);
digitalWrite(b, HIGH);
case 9: digitalWrite(c, HIGH);
case 1:
nine(); break; digitalWrite(d, HIGH);
one(); break;
} digitalWrite(e, HIGH);
case 2:
} digitalWrite(f, HIGH);
two(); break;
digitalWrite(g, LOW);
case 3:
void clearLEDs() { }
three(); break;
//clear the 7-segment
case 4:
display screen void one() {
four(); break;
digitalWrite(a, LOW); //the 7-segment led display 1
case 5:
digitalWrite(b, LOW); digitalWrite(a, LOW);
five(); break;
digitalWrite(c, LOW); digitalWrite(b, HIGH);
case 6:
digitalWrite(d, LOW); digitalWrite(c, HIGH);
six(); break;
digitalWrite(e, LOW); digitalWrite(d, LOW);
case 7:
digitalWrite(f, LOW); digitalWrite(e, LOW);
seven(); break;
digitalWrite(g, LOW); digitalWrite(f, LOW);
case 8:
} digitalWrite(g, LOW);
} TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED
void five() {
//the 7-segment led display 5
Evaluate – Answer Keys digitalWrite(c, HIGH);
digitalWrite(a, HIGH);
digitalWrite(b, LOW);
digitalWrite(d, HIGH); digitalWrite(c, HIGH);
void two() { digitalWrite(e, LOW); digitalWrite(d, HIGH);
//the 7-segment led display 2 digitalWrite(f, LOW); digitalWrite(e, LOW);
digitalWrite(a, HIGH); digitalWrite(g, HIGH); digitalWrite(f, HIGH);
digitalWrite(b, HIGH); } digitalWrite(g, HIGH);
digitalWrite(c, LOW);
}
digitalWrite(d, HIGH); void four() {
digitalWrite(e, HIGH); //the 7-segment led display 4 void six() {
digitalWrite(f, LOW); digitalWrite(a, LOW); //the 7-segment led display 6
digitalWrite(g, HIGH); digitalWrite(b, HIGH); digitalWrite(a, HIGH);
} digitalWrite(c, HIGH); digitalWrite(b, LOW);
digitalWrite(d, LOW); digitalWrite(c, HIGH);
void three() { digitalWrite(e, LOW); digitalWrite(d, HIGH);
//the 7-segment led display 3 digitalWrite(f, HIGH); digitalWrite(e, HIGH);
digitalWrite(a, HIGH); digitalWrite(g, HIGH); digitalWrite(f, HIGH);
digitalWrite(b, HIGH); } digitalWrite(g, HIGH);
} TechFactors Copyright 2020
Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Evaluate – Answer Keys

digitalWrite(c, HIGH); void add() {
void seven() { digitalWrite(d, HIGH); count ++;
//the 7-segment led display 7 digitalWrite(e, HIGH); if (count == 10) {
digitalWrite(a, HIGH); digitalWrite(f, HIGH); count = 0;
digitalWrite(b, HIGH); digitalWrite(g, HIGH); n++;
digitalWrite(c, HIGH); } digitalWrite(buzz, HIGH);
digitalWrite(d, LOW); digitalWrite(led, HIGH);
digitalWrite(e, LOW); void nine() { delay(50);
digitalWrite(f, LOW); //the 7-segment led display 9 digitalWrite(buzz, LOW);
digitalWrite(g, LOW); digitalWrite(a, HIGH); digitalWrite(led, LOW);
} digitalWrite(b, HIGH); delay(50);
digitalWrite(c, HIGH); if (n == 10000) {
void eight() { digitalWrite(d, HIGH); n = 0;
//the 7-segment led display 8 digitalWrite(e, LOW); }
digitalWrite(a, HIGH); digitalWrite(f, HIGH); }
digitalWrite(b, HIGH); digitalWrite(g, HIGH); }
}
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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Additional Assessment

Differentiate each of the following:

a. Buzzer

b. 4 Digital Tube

c. LED

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Lesson 24: Combination Project: Buzzer + 4 Digital Tube + LED

Additional Assessment – Answer Keys

Differentiate each of the following:

a. Buzzer – Buzzer produces sound.

b. 4 Digital Tube – It is used to form a 4-digit numerical display.

c. LED – LED emits different colors of light.

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