LIVING IN THE INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY ERA
IT 11
CHAPTER 1
 Topics:

Overview of ICT.
History of Computing.
Media in the Digital Age.
Overview of ICT
I nformation

• Information refers to data that can be shared,

collected, processed, and organized in a structured
way to make it meaningful and useful.
C ommunication

• Communication refers to the transmission of

information/data between individuals, devices, or
systems.
T echnology

• Technology refers to the tools and methods created

by scientific knowledge results for practical
purposes.
 Information and Communication
Technology

Encompasses the tools and methods used to

transmit structured, processed, and meaningful data,
especially in the context of computing and
telecommunications.
 Information and Communication
Technology

Information Technology (IT) –

This aspect of ICT includes hardware, software,
data management, and Infrastructures used for
processing and managing information.
 Information and Communication
Technology

Communication Technology (CT)–

This aspect of ICT includes communication
systems, networks, protocols, and devices used for
transmitting data and enabling communication
between individuals, devices and systems.
HISTORY OF
COMPUTING
 History of Computing

The history of computing is a fascinating journey that

spans centuries and has seen remarkable
developments in technology, mathematics, and
science.
Before the rise of electronic
Computing Technology
 Before the rise of Electronic Computing
Technology
Abacus (circa 2000
BCE): The abacus, one of
the earliest known computing
devices, consisted of beads
on rods used for arithmetic
calculations.
 Before the rise of Electronic Computing
Technology
Napier's Bones
(1617): John Napier, a
Scottish mathematician,
introduced Napier's
Bones, a set of rods with
inscribed numbers to
simplify multiplication
and division.
 Before the rise of Electronic Computing
Technology
Slide Rule (1620):
The slide rule, developed by
William Oughtred, allowed for
more advanced calculations
involving logarithms and
trigonometry.
 Before the rise of Electronic Computing
Technology
Mechanical Calculators
(17th-19th centuries):
Inventors like Blaise Pascal
and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
created mechanical calculators
capable of performing
arithmetic operations.
 Before the rise of Electronic Computing
Technology
Analytical Engine (1837):
Designed by Charles Babbage,
the Analytical Engine is
considered the precursor to
modern computers. It featured
an arithmetic logic unit, control
flow, and memory.
 Before the rise of Electronic Computing
Technology
Punch Card Systems
(19th century):
Herman Hollerith developed
punch card systems to process
data for the 1890 U.S. Census.
This technology later evolved
into early computers.
 Before the rise of Electronic Computing
Technology
Atanasoff-Berry
Computer (ABC)
(1930s-1940s):
used to crack German codes
during World War II along with
the Colossus
First Generation Computer
 First-generation Computer (1946-1959)
The Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer
(ENIAC)
is often considered the first
general-purpose electronic
digital computer. It was a
massive machine used for
scientific and military
calculations.
 First-generation Computer (1946-1959)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

(ENIAC)
• Developed in 1946
• Designed by J. Presper Ecket and John W. Mauchly from the University of
Pennsylvania.
• Financed by the US Army
 First-generation Computer (1946-1959)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

(ENIAC)
• At present, ENIAC has only 20 words of internal memory, in the form of
electronic accumulators.
• Only do arithmetic operations; addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
sign differentiation, and square root extraction.
 First-generation Computer (1946-1959)

Transistors (1947): The

invention of the transistor by
John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain, and William
Shockley revolutionized
computing by replacing bulky
vacuum tubes and enabling
smaller, more reliable
computers.
 First-generation Computer (1946-1959)
Universal Automatic
Computer (UNIVAC)
became the first
commercially produced
computer. It was used for
business and scientific
applications.
 First-generation Computer (1946-1959)
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC):
• Developed in 1951
• Developed by J. Presper Ecket and John W. Mauchly for the U.S. Bureau of
the Census and patented by Remington Rand, Inc.
• Designed as a commercial data-processing computer, intended to replace the
punched-card accounting machines of the day.
• It could read 7,200 decimal digits per second
Second Generation
Computer
 Second-generation Computer (1959-1965)
Second Generation
Computers
• Transistor was used as the
interior section of the computer.
• Transistors were much
smaller, faster, and more
dependable
 Second-generation Computer (1959-1965)
Integrated Circuits (1950s-
1960s):
Jack Kilby and Robert
Noyce independently
developed Integrated
Circuits (IC), leading to the
miniaturization of electronic
components and the birth of
microelectronics.
Third Generation
Computer
 Third-generation Computer (1965-1971)
Third Generation
Computers:
• IC has many transistors, resistors, and
capacitors.
• Remote processing, time-sharing, and multi-
programming operating system were used in
this generation
 Third-generation Computer (1965-1971)
Internet (1960s onwards): The development of
ARPANET, the precursor to the internet, by the U.S.
Department of Defense's Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA), laid the foundation for the
global network we know today.
Fourth Generation
Computer
 Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980)
Fourth Generation
Computer
• Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits were used to build computers.
• Circuits have about 5,000 transistors
and other circuit elements with their
connected circuits on a single chip
known as a microprocessor.
• Microprocessor is used on pocket
calculators, television sets, automotive
devices, and audio and video
appliances
 Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980)
Personal Computers (1970s-1980s): Companies like Apple, IBM,
and Microsoft introduced personal computers, making computing
accessible to individuals and small businesses.

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): Xerox PARC introduced the

concept of the GUI, which was later popularized by Apple's
Macintosh and Microsoft Windows.
Fifth Generation Computer
 Fifth-generation Computer (1980-present)
Fifth Generation Computer
• VLSI has evolved to Ultra
LargeScale Integration (ULSI)
technology.
• Microprocessor chips have 10
million electronic components.
 Fifth-generation Computer (1980-present)
World Wide Web (1990s):
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, enabling easy
access to information and the creation of websites.
 Fifth-generation Computer (1980-present)
Smartphones and Mobile Computing (2000s): The introduction of
smartphones brought Information and Communication Technology to the palm
of our hands, transforming how we access information and communicate.

Cloud Computing (Late 2000s): The rise of cloud computing services allowed
for remote storage and processing of data, reducing the need for local hardware.

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advances in AI and machine learning have

enabled computers to perform tasks like natural language processing, image
recognition, and autonomous decision-making.
Components of a
Computer
 Components of a Computer
Hardware Software
• Consists of all machinery • Also called programs.
equipment in a computer • consists of all the electronic
system. instructions that tell the
computer how to perform a
task. These instructions can be
made using computer
programming.
 Software
Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs used to
operate computers and execute specific tasks.

There are 2 types of software:

- System Software
- Application Software
 Software
System Software
• Helps the computer perform
essential operating tasks and
enables the application software
to run.
• Example: Operating systems
 Software
Application Software
• Enables you to perform specific
tasks – solve problems, perform
work, or entertain yourself.
• Example: Google Chrome, MS
Office, Adobe Creative Cloud,
etc.
 Hardware
System Unit
- it houses the main elements of a
computer that are used to process
information.
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of
miniature electronic circuits.
The speed of the chip is expressed in hertz:

• MHz – millions of processing cycles per second.

• GHz – billions of processing cycles per second.
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Motherboard
• the circuitry of the system unit containing the
primary components of a computer.
• It is the main circuit board in the computer.
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Memory
• Volatile Memory
• Temporary Memory Storage
• Non Volatile Memory
• Long Term Memory Storage
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Volatile Memory
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• It stores temporary data that will
be wiped on power shutdown.
• The data that it stores are
tasks/processes that are either in
the background or currently used.
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Non Volatile Memory
• Storage Devices
• These are devices that hold the stored data even when
power is cut off.
• Can store the actual System and Application data,
digital files, and digital folders.
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Non Volatile Memory
• CD/DVD Drive
• Compact Disk (CD) and Digital Video
Disk (DVD)is a storage device that uses
laser technology to read data from optical
disks.
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Non Volatile Memory
• Flash Disk Drive
• A small portable storage device often
referred to as a pen drive, thumb
drive, or jump drive.
• Typically, removable, rewritable, and
much smaller than optical disc.
 Hardware
System Unit (Elements/Components)
• Non Volatile Memory
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
• Stores billions of characters of data on a
non-removable disk platter
• Solid State Drive (SDD)
• Stores billions of characters of data on a
series of flash memory.

Faster writing and retrieving data.

 Hardware
Input and Output (I/O) Devices
• These are hardware devices that either receive or send
data from/to the computer thru its I/O ports.
• Examples are:
• Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube, Liquid Crystal
Display, Light Emitting Diode)
• Keyboard
• Scanner/Printer
• Camera (Webcam)
• Headset (Earphone, Headphones)
Classifications of a
Computer
Types of a Computer
End…