Lecture 2a The Physical Layer 1
Lecture 2a The Physical Layer 1
Topics
1. Bandwidth-Limited signals
2. Guided Transmission Media
3. Wireless Transmission
The Physical Layer: Intro
Has two primary aspects:
Transmission medium and Connection strategy.
Transmission medium defines how signals are
sent. Options are twisted-pair, coaxial cable,
optical fiber, radio waves (satellites, microwave
towers)
Each has its electrical or electromagnetic
properties
Network topologies
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Equipment
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Signal Transmission
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Signal Transmission..(2)
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Signal Transmission…(3)
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Bandwidth
To the computer scientist, bandwidth is the
maximum data rate of a channel – a quantity
measured in bits/sec
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Guided Transmission Media
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Transmission Medium
• transparent glass
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Twisted Pair: Ethernet Cables
UTP – unshielded twisted pair comes in categories that
define the maximum speed at which data can be
transferred
CAT 1 standard phone line
CAT 2 data speed up to 4Mbps
CAT 3 data speed up to 16Mbps
CAT 4 up to 20Mbps
CAT 5 up to 100Mbps
CAT 5e up to 1Gbps
CAT 6 up to 10Gbps
CAT 7 up to 100Gbps
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UTP Cables..Pin colors
Implementing the Cables
Crimping Tools
Twisted Pair…(2)
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Coaxial Cable
Consists of four components:
1. the innermost conductor, a copper or aluminum
wire core. As with the twisted pair, the core carries
the signal.
2. An insulation layer surrounds the core and prevents
the conductor from making contact with the third
layer
3. The wire mesh acts as a shield, protecting the core
from electromagnetic interference.
4. The last layer is what you see on the cables
connecting your VCR to your television set
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Coaxial Cable…(2)
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Coaxial Cable…(3)
• Typically transmits information in baseband
mode or broadband mode.
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Attenuation
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Attenuation of Digital Signals
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Transparent Glass
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Wireless Transmission
Involves electromagnetic waves, part of physics
course, that are oscillating electromagnetic
radiation caused by inducing a current in a
transmitting antenna.
The waves travel through the air or free space
where they may be sensed by receiving
antenna.
Free radio and TV transmit signals in this way
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Microwave
• Typically occurs between two ground stations.
Two properties place restrictions on its
deployment:
1. microwaves travel in a straight line and will not
follow the earth’s curvature
2. atmospheric conditions and solid objects
interfere with microwaves, eg it cannot travel
through buildings.
• A typical mechanism for transmitting and
receiving microwave transmission uses the
parabolic dish reflector.
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Microwaves: Parabolic Dish
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Microwave Transmission Towers
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Satellites
• One of the commonest means of
communication today.
• Applications include Telephone, Television,
News Services, Weather Reporting, Military use
• Depending on its distance from the earth, a
satellite may be classified as GEO, LEO, or MEO
• GEO geostationary orbit 35,863km above the
earth
• MEO – 8,000km to 18,000km
• LEO – 500km to 1500km
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Parameters
• The heart of satellite communications systems
is a satellite-based antenna in a stable orbit
above the earth.
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Orbital Comparison
Orbit LEO MEO GEO
• Atmospheric attenuation
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Angle of Elevation
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Summary
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The End
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