• The 75th anniversary of India's freedom struggle has come to an end.

We know about the freedom fighters of Tamil Nadu who have done
many deeds and sacrifices for the freedom of the country.

• Velu Nachiyar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman, Theeranchinnamalai,

poolithevan, Ondiveeran, Suttaralingam, Marutupandiyar,
Vaandaiyathevan, Azhagumuthukon, Vellaiyathevan, 'Umaithurai and
others.

• V. O. Chidambarampillai, Bharatiyar, Gothai Naikiammal, who fought

on the path of non-violence of Mahatma Gandhi. G Subramania Iyer,
V.V.S Iyer, Krishnammal Jagannathan, Rajaji, M.P. Sivajnanam, Tirupur
Kumaran, Kamarajar, Subramania Siva etc. played an unparalleled role
in the freedom struggle.
 Poolidevan (1715-1767) :

• Palayakar(Polygar) ruler of Nerkattan Sevvalai.

• In 1755 he was the first to shout out for ‘quit india movement’.
• He won 15 out of 17 battles against the East India Company's
forces.

Marudu Brothers
• Periya Marudu and Chinnamarudu brothers who ruled
the Sivaganga region were prominent freedom fighters
who fought against the British rule in Tamil Nadu.
• They were hanged by the British on 24 October 1801 at
Tirupattur in Sivagangai district.
 Kattabomman (1760 – 1799)
 He fought against the British 60 years before the war of
independence.
 Kattabomman refused to submit to the British and waged
war against them. This is what is known as the First
Palaiyakara War of 1799.
 He was hanged in a public place at Kayathar.

Thiran Chinnamalai (1756-1805)

• He was one of the commanders during the Second

Palaiyakara War of 1801-1802.

• Engaged in guerrilla warfare.

• He was captured by the British in 1805. He was later

executed along with his two brothers in the Sangakiri
fort.
 Bharatiyar
• He is a versatile poet, writer, journalist, social
reformer, freedom fighter.
• C. Subramania Bharatiyar. He ran magazines
like India and Vijaya and propagated the
liberation war.

V.O.C.(1872-1936) :

• Also known as Valliappan Ulaganathan

Chidambaram .. (Tamil Sailor of ship or Tamil leader)
was a freedom fighter.
• He broadened the social base of the Swadeshi
movement.
• Founded the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company.
• He started the first Indian ferry service between
Tuticorin and Colombo with the help of indigenous
steam navigation company.
Kamarasar (1903 – 1975)

Kamarasar was born on 15 July 1903 in

Virudhunagar in the then Ramanathapuram district of
Tamil Nadu.
• Kamaraj participated in the famous Vaikam
Satyagraha, following Mahatma Gandhi's call for
non-cooperation he started campaigning on khadi
and abstinence. He went to jail several times while
participating in the freedom struggle. He actively
participated in individual satyagraha and Quit
India Movement.
• He served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.
• He opened schools in Tamil Nadu and promoted
literacy by providing mid-day meals.
•
Tirupur Kumaran (1904 – 1932) :

• Tirupur Kumaran (Kodi Katha Kumaran)

was inspired by Gandhian ideals and
principles during the Indian independence
struggle.
• Kumaran carried the Indian national flag as a
symbol of India's freedom struggle. Despite
the fierce attack by the British police, he
held the flag firmly in his hands. He was
beaten to death by the British.
•
 M.P.S.
 M.P.S., who participated in the freedom struggle and
went to jail, was the best orator of the Congress at that
time.
 Researched and wrote the history of
V.O.Chitambaranar, (sailing Tamilian).

Velu Nachiar
• Born in Ramanathapuram in 1730.
• Velunachiyar was the first queen to actively oppose the British
rule.
• Along with Hyder Ali and Gopala Nayak, he fought against the
British and won.
• She was the first to train female soldiers in the late 1700s,
paving the way for the freedom struggle.
•
Thillaiyaddy Valliammai
• She was greatly influenced by the civil disobedience
movement started by Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa.
• On 22 December 1913, She was arrested and imprisoned
in Maritzburg. Due to the rigors of prison, her health
suffered. Although released on 11 February 1914, she died
on 22 February 1914 at the age of sixteen.

Anjalai Amal
• She was the first woman from South India to
participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement in
1921.
• In 1932, she organized a alcohol shop strike to rally
the public in support of Gandhi's abolitionist policy.
• After India's independence in 1947, she refused to
receive a martyr's pension.
KP Janaki Amal
• Playwright Janaki Ammal was born in 1917 in Madurai.
• At the age of 12, “Vetkam ketta vellai kokkugalai viratta viratta
vaarigala?” Janaki sang in a raspy voice, inciting the spirit of
the liberation movement among the people.
• She was also the first woman to be arrested by the British in
South India.
• She started devoting her time and money to social service.
•

Padmasani
• Veerathai Padmasani sacrificed her own children
during the freedom struggle.
• She memorized Bharatiyar's songs, composed ragas
for them and sang them from village to village.
• The songs, sung like bhajans, created a great stir
among the people.
INFLUENCE OF TAMIL CULTURE IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIA.

 In India, Tamils are present in 28 states like Karnataka,

Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Delhi,
West Bengal, Gujarat, Goa, Puducherry, outside Tamil
Nadu.
 Language, art, literature, culture and religion continue to
keep their roots alive.
 Festivals like Pongal, which are cultural symbols of
Tamils, are celebrated with enthusiasm.
 Tamil Sangam set up Tamil organizations and teach Tamil
language to their children.
 Along with art and literature, Tamils have passed on
cultural values to the next generation.
 The habitations of Tamils look like mini Tamil Nadu. In
that way, mother land Tamil Nadu is keeping the
relationship with the bond of love.
 Tamils living all over India have established Tamil
Sangams to preserve and develop their language and
culture according to their place of residence.
 Although they follow different religions like Hinduism,
Islam and Christianity without any religious difference,
they are determined to maintain their mother tongue
Tamil and run Tamil Sangams.
 Avvai Tamil Sangam, Delhi Tamil Sangam, Bangalore
Tamil Sangam, Andaman Tamil Sangam etc. are
conducting events related to Tamil culture.
 SELF-RESPECT MOVEMENT

 Self-respect movement was started in 1925 by Periyar

EV Ramasamy in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, for the
right to life of the backward and suppressed,
downtrodden people of the society and to emphasize
their human equality.
 Ayodhya Dasar (1845 – 1914)
 He was South India's first anti-caste activist, social worker, Tamil
scholar and Siddha doctor.
 He actively worked in the fields of politics, religion and literature for
the progress of Adi Dravida people.
 He is also said to be the pioneer of Dravidian politics as he
established the Dravidian Mahajana Sabha and started Dravidian
politics.
 Rettai Malai Srinivasan (1860 – 1945)
 Tamil Nadu politician and social reform activist, lawyer. A voice for the people
of the Sambavar community.
 In 1930–32, he visited the Round Table Conferences held in London with
Ambedkar as a representative of the Adidravida people and did excellent work.
 Appreciating the work of Rettai Malai Srinivasan, the British government
honored him with the titles of 'Irao Sahib', 'Dewan Bhadur' and 'Irao Bahadur'.
Appreciating the work of Rettai Malai Srinivasan, Mr. V.K. honored him by
giving him the title of 'Dravidamani'.
 Thandhai Periyar (1879-1973)
 Popularly known as Periyar. E V.
Ramasamy fought for social reform,
abolition of caste, eradication of
superstitions and women's emancipation.
 His rational and self-respecting policies
had many impacts on Tamil Nadu's
social sphere and Tamil Nadu politics.
P. Jeevanandam : (1907 – 1963)
• P Jeevanandam aka Jeeva was initially a Gandhian
and later a self-respect movement activist and
communist movement leader.
• He was a symbol of simplicity. Jeeva was spreading
the idea of self-respect as a social activist even
before he was introduced to Periyar.

Annadurai (1909 – 1969)

• Involved himself in Justice Party in 1935. He wrote
stories and dialogues for Tamil films and was the first
to spread his Dravidian reform ideas through them.
• Scholar Anna wrote and acted in revolutionary plays
such as Or Iravu,Velaikaari, Chandra Mohan, Neethi
Devan Mayakkam and Kannerthuli.
 • Muvalur Ramamirtha Ammaiyar
• Sivagami Chidambaranar
• S.Nilavati Ammaiyar.
• S. Kunjitham Guruswamy
• R. Annapoorani Ammal
• Kirijadevipandithai
• Ranganayaki
• Meenambal Sivaraj
• Are the important women who worked in the self-esteem movement.

Muvalur Ramamirtham (1883-1962)

• She helped pass the Devadasi Abolition Act.

• The Tamil Nadu government is providing marriage
allowance for young girls who have studied up to 8th
standard in her name.
• Joined Periyar's self-respect movement in 1925.
• She spent most of her life for the self-respect of women.
 Nagammai (1885–1933)
 She is also an Indian social activist and women's rights activist.
She is well known for her participation in the Temperance
Movement and Vaikom Satyagraham in India.
 She is the wife of E V R Periyar who led the self-respect
movement.
 When the Self-Respect Movement started, she encouraged
women to participate in the movement.
 She has conducted many widow remarriages and self-respect
marriages.
 She was the editor of Republic Magazine when EVR visited
Europe.
 ROLE OF SIDDHA MEDICINE IN INDIAN MEDICINE
• It is true that Indian medicine was the first to
emerge in the field of medicine.

• Indian systems of medicine:

• 1. Siddha medicine
• 2. Ayurvedic medicine
• 3. Unani Medicine

• Siddha medicine is one of the oldest and most

distinguished of Indian medical systems.

• Sid means knowledge.

• Siddha medicine is a South Indian Tamil system

of medicine.
 It is impossible to define exactly when Siddha
medicine appeared.
 Ancient Siddhas have created this.

 One should learn clearly learn the real science,

science, physical philosophy, religion, astrology,
panchapatsi, saram, medicine, medicine, remedy
etc. which are excellent in Siddha medicine.
 Diseases occurring in the respiratory tract were
classified as Kaba diseases, diseases occurring in
the digestive organs as Piththa diseases, and
others a Vaadha diseases.
 In Siddha medicine, it works primarily with the
phrase 'food is medicine, medicine is food'.
 Siddha medicine does not have any side effects.
 Medicines were classified into 32 types of internal
drugs and 32 types of external drugs.

 Varma medicine is neurological medicine invented

by Siddhas.

 There are 18 major siddhas who have contributed

to the medical system. Source books and research
papers for Siddha are written in Tamil language.
 INSCRIPTION
 Epigraphy is the study of written inscriptions on rocks,
pillars, temple walls, coppers, coins, stones, metals, pots,
trees, leaves, cloth, conch shells and paintings.
 Inscriptions are an important evidence that helps to fully
understand the history, tradition, etc. of ancient
civilizations.
 It is clear that most of the inscriptions in India are found in
Tamil Nadu.
 According to a 2005 report by the Archaeological Survey
of India, one lakh inscriptions have been found in India, of
which 60,000 are found in Tamil Nadu alone.
 INSCRIPTION AND LANGUAGE

• The characters found in the inscription are Brahmi.

• Vada Brahmi is a combination of vernacular alphabets of north.

• It is also referred to as South Brahmi, which is a mixture of Tamil characters.

South Brahmi is given as Dravidian, Tamil and Tamil Brahmi.
• The circular script is unique to Tamil.

Locations of inscriptions

Inscriptions are found in temples at Mamallapuram, Mahendrawadi,

Pallavaram, Melachery, Mandakapattu, Thalavaanur, Tiruparangunram,
Pilliyarpatti, Chithannavasal, Pugalur, Singavaram, Tiruchirappalli and
Vallam.
They are found in the districts of South Arcot, Tiruchirappalli, Madurai,
Tirunelveli and the western parts of Kerala.
The inscription consists of the following parts:
(1) Mangala Sol
(2) Meikeerthi
(3) King's name
(4) Annotation
(5) Donor
(6) Donation
(7) Witness
(8) Backup word Five common areas found in inscriptions
(9) Author are:
1. Mangala text

2. Period of inscription

3. Epigraphic message

4. Signatures

5. OmpadaiKilavi.
 SIGNATURES
 After the use of paper increased they started writing on
them. The things that are written on paper by hand are
called by names like kai ezhuthu suvadi, kai
ezhuthupadi, kaakitha suvadi etc.
 The English word Manuscripts is derived from the Latin
word Manuscriptus. Parallel to this, the word Suvadi is
used in Tamil.
 Europeans started compiling and writing down news
related to our customs, culture and history. Inscriptions
and footprints were also traced on paper. So they are
protected.
 The paper traces compiled by Col. Colin
Meckenzie (1753-1821) are the majority.
 320 rare manuscripts, 25 printed books, 300
letters, 25 maps, etc. are being collected and
preserved in the archives of the Department of
Rare Manuscripts at Thanjavur Tamil University.
 Manuscripts are preserved in research libraries
like Keelthisai Library, Thanjavur Saraswati
Library, U V S Library, Roja Muthiya Library.
 PRINTING HISTORY OF TAMIL BOOKS
• In 1041 AD, Bi-Sheng in China tried to make printed
versions by making individual characters out of clay,
placing them on an iron plate, stacking them as
required, and binding them with an iron frame.
• When translated into Indian languages. No one can
deny that it was in the Tamil language that the type
was first carved on wood, the type was cast, the
publications were published and the printed book was
prepared.
• Even when the new typography was introduced, there
was no opposition in Tamil Nadu.
• The public also welcomed the new art – the work of
‘Ezhuta Ezhuthu’ – as innovative as it was.
 Edition History
 The first Tamil book to be printed in this
country was Tambiran Vanakkam(Doctrina)
printed in Kollam in 1557.
 The first printing house was established in
Tamil Nadu in 1712 at Tharangam Padi.
Tharangambadi Press published many
religious books and dictionaries.
 English officers such as F.W. Ellis and Colin
Mackenzie set up an organization called
Chennai Education Society and started
publishing rare books.
 It was only in the latter part of the nineteenth century that the
Tolkapiya Grammar came into print.
 Arumuganavalar was the first to publish the Sangam literature,
Thirumurugaatruppadai (1851).
 U V S is famous for publishing most of the Sangam books. He
published the entire Tenth Idylls in 1889.
 He also published Purananuru (1894), Iynkurunooru (1903),
Pathitruppathu (1904).
 Maraimalai Adikalar (Mullaipatthu 1903, Pattinapalai 1906) V.
Mahadevamudaliyar (Porunaratuppadai 1907), Souri Perumal
Aranganar (Kurunthogai 1915), Pinnathur Narayanasamy Iyer
(Natrinai 1915), R. Iragavaiyangar (Agananuru 1918) was the
pioneers of Sangam text editions.
 Prof. Vaiyapuripillai's Sanga Ilakkiyam – Paattum Thogayum
(1940) aka Samaja Pathippu was a turning point in the history of
Sangam literature edition.

 In the late 19th century, Ramanusak Kavirayar, Arumuga Navalar,

Visakha Perumalayar, Pawar Durai, Damodaram Pillai,
Komalesuvaram Pettai Rasakopala Pillai, Egmore Venkatachala
Mudaliar, Sabapati Mudaliar, Mazhavai Mahalingaiyar and
Mahavithuvan Meenakshisundaram Pillai were involved in printing
tamil poems
 Introduction, Study notes, refinement in the edition method with the
citations and dictionaries were introduced by C V DamodaramPillai
and U V S.