COM 400

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING.
(ACS, AST)
BY SAMWEL TARUS
 CONTENTS
 Basic terms in programming.
 Introduction to python programming language.
 Basic concepts of Python programming
 Basic terms in programming
 Data

 Program

 Software

 Code

 Database

 Structured/Modular programming

 Object Oriented Programming

 Overview of C, C++, Java
 Similarities:
 All are HLL.
 All are used to design system s/w.
 Adjacent to h/w.
 Compiled languages

 Differences:
 Modular programing and OOP.
 Addition features to each of them.
 Improvements on each language.
 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON PROGRAMMING
 HISTORY:
 Python is a popular HLL programming language created by Guido van Rossum,
and released in 1991 (version 0.9.0).
 1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like lambda, map, filter, and
reduce
 Python 2.0 added new features such as list comprehensions, garbage collection
systems.
 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") released. It was designed to rectify the
fundamental flaw of the language.
 Check on newer versions from version 3.0 to the Python 3.11.1
 FEATURES OF PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
 Easy to Learn and Use
Straight forward syntax, few keywords, similar to English.
No semicolon, curly bracket.
 Expressive Language
Perform complex tasks using a few lines of code.
Consider: print("Hello World"). (compare C, C++, JAVA with Python)
 Interpreted Language
Python program is executed one line at a time.
Advantage of being interpreted language; makes debugging easy and portable.
 Cross-platform Language
Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, UNIX,
and Macintosh, etc. (Python is a portable language.)
This enables programmers to develop the s/w for several competing platforms.
 Free and Open Source
Freely available for everyone on its official website www.python.org.
Anyone can download its source code without paying.
 Object-Oriented Language
Supports concepts of class, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation.
OOP aid programmers write re-usable codes hence develop apps faster with
fewer code.
 GUI Programming Support
Used for the developing Desktop application.
PyQT5, Tkinter, Kivy are the libraries which are used for developing the web
application.
 Extensible
 You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules
enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
 Large Standard Library
provides a vast range of libraries for the various fields such as machine
learning, web developer, and also for the scripting.
Various machine learning libraries, such as Tensor flow, Pandas, Numpy,
Keras, and Pytorch, etc. Django, flask, pyramids are the popular framework
for Python web development.
 Integrated
Easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.
 Pto…
 Embeddable
Code of the other programming language can be used in the Python source
code.
Python source code can be used in another programming language as well.
 Dynamic Memory Allocation
No need to specify the data-type of the variable.
When we assign some value to the variable, it automatically allocates the
memory to the variable at run time.
 Applications / Uses of Python
 Desktop Applications
 Web Applications
 Data Science
 Artificial Intelligence
 Machine Learning
 Scientific Computing
 Robotics
 Internet of Things
 Gaming
 Mobile Apps
 Data Analysis and Preprocessing
 Web Applications
Python provides libraries to handle internet protocols such as HTML and
XML, JSON, Email processing, request, beautifulSoup, Feedparser, etc.
 Django, a Python web-framework is used on Instagram.
Frameworks provided by Python:
Django and Pyramid framework(Use for heavy applications)
Flask and Bottle (Micro-framework)
Plone and Django CMS (Advance Content management)
 Desktop GUI Applications
Tk GUI library to develop a user interface.
Popular GUI libraries are:
Tkinter or Tk
wxWidgetM
Kivy (used for writing multitouch applications )
PyQt or Pyside
 Console-based Application
Applications that run from the command-line or shell.
E.g. as used in DOS, C,
 Software Development
Works as a support language and can be used to build control and
management, testing, etc.
SCons is used to build control.
Buildbot and Apache Gumps are used for automated continuous
compilation and testing.
Round or Trac for bug tracking and project management.
 Audio or Video-based Applications
Used to create multimedia applications e.g. TimPlayer, cplay, Gstreamer,
Pyglet, and QT Phonon
 Scientific and Numeric
Most suitable language for Artificial intelligence or machine learning.
Has / consists of many scientific and mathematical libraries, which makes it
easy to solve complex calculations.
Libraries for scientific and numeric such as Numpy, Pandas, Scipy, Scikit-
learn, etc. are imported to the code.
Popular frameworks of machine libraries are:
SciPy, Scikit-learn, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib.
matplotlib for data visualization and NumPy for mathematical operations.
Pandas acts as a wrapper over these libraries, allowing you to access many
of matplotlib's and NumPy's methods with less code.
Scikit-Learn library to implement machine learning models and statistical
modelling.
SciPy is a scientific computation library that uses NumPy underneath
to provide more utility functions for optimization, stats and signal
processing.
 Business Applications.
collection of components that provides a business functionality that you can
use internally, externally, or with other business applications.
any application that is important to running your business.
any Product that is designed to be deployed into or to call into an End
Customer’s cloud (not on-premises) implementation of a Defined
Environment as a commercially available packaged and distributed solution
or API Equivalent, excluding Products (i) that are only Power BI extensions
or (ii) when deployed as part of Dynamics 365 Business Central solution. For
clarity, Business Applications include commercially available packages and
distributed PowerApps.
E.g: E-commerce and ERP systems, inventory s/w, communication s/w,
accounting s/w, reservation s/w, HRIS s/w etc.
 Enterprise Applications
used to create applications that can be used within an Enterprise or an
Organization. Some real-time applications are OpenERP, Tryton, Picalo, etc.
 Why computer language innovation?

Computer language innovation and development occurs for two fundamental

reasons:
 To adapt to changing environments and uses.
 To implement refinements and improvements in the art of programming
 WHY LEARN PYTHON?
 Career Opportunities and Salary:
several job opportunities and promises high growth with huge salary prospects.
big and renowned companies that use Python for their development are:
Amazon, facebook, Netflix, youtube, Google etc
 Data Science:
It is robust, scalable and provides extensible visualization and graphics
options.
popular libraries supported by Python include Tensorflow, SciPy, NumPy,
Pandas, Matplotlib, Scikit-learn etc.
 Machine Learning and Data Science
 Rich Features of Python:
 Tips to Keep in Mind While Learning Python
 Make it Clear Why We Want to Learn.
 The goal should be clear before learning the Python.
 Figure out the motivation behind learning, which can be anything such as
knowing something new, develop projects using Python, switch to Python, etc.
(Data Analysis and Processing, Artificial Intelligence, Games,
Hardware/Sensor/Robots, Desktop Applications).
 NB: Choose any one or two areas according to your interest and start the
journey towards learning Python.
 Learn the Basic Syntax
 Write Code by Own
 Keep Practicing
 Make Notes as Needed
 Discuss Concepts with Other
 Do small Projects
 Teach Others
 Explore Libraries and Frameworks
 Contribute to Open Source
 Python IDEs and Code Editors
1. Pycharm: Hugely popular, powerful, and feature-rich Python IDE.
 Official website: https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/
2. Visual Studio Code: Lightweight and extensible code editor.
3. Jupyter Notebook: Data Science IDE, easily run simulations and share data.
 Official website: https://jupyter.org/
4. Pydev: Official website: https://www.eclipse.org/; http://pydev.org/
5. IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment)
 Official website:https://docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html
6. Visual Studio Code (VS Code)
 Official website:https://code.visualstudio.com
7. Sublime Text: Official website:http://www.sublimetext.com/
8. Spyder
 Official website:https://github.com/spyder-ide/spyder
 Installing and using Pycharm
 Use
https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/download-thanks.html?platform=
windows
to download the executable installer.

 Double click the installer (.exe) file to install Pycharm.

 Create a new file in Pycharm.


 Introduction to Python: Language Semantics
 Two ways to run a program:
 Interactive interpreter prompt
Feature to execute the Python statement one by one at the interactive prompt.
preferable in the case where we are concerned about the output of each line
of program.
Cmd: type print(“Hello word”), print(3+7) etc.
Dis: not suitable to write multiple lines of code.
We cannot write the code every-time on the terminal.
 Using a script file (Script Mode Programming)
Write multiple lines code into a file which can be executed later.
For this purpose, open an editor like notepad, create a file named and save it
with .py extension. (open pycharm, create a project folder, then create
python files)
Run also on cmd.
 Basic Syntax of Python
 Indentation
Adding whitespaces before the statement when it is needed.
Importance:
Proper use of indentation informs Python which statement to be executed to
next.
Defines which statements belong to which block.
 Nb:
 Improper indentation displays "IndentationError" and interrupt the code.

 Com4001.py
 Comments:
Explain the code
• Restrict code execution
• To add resources to the code
Not executable
Syntax: #
• E.g. name = “james” #assigning a string value to the name variable
• E.g. sum = 80 #assigning an integer value to a variable
Types of Comment
• Single-Line Comment #single line comment
• Multi-line comment
“””
This is an example
Of multi-line comment
Using triple-quotes
Simple Python Programs
 Addition of two numbers
 Subtraction of numbers
 Area of a circle
 Perimeter of a rectangle
 Simple interest
 Basic Fundamentals of Python:
 Tokens:
The tokens can be defined as a punctuator mark, reserved words, and each
word in a statement.
The token is the smallest unit inside the given program.

 Python provides the following tokens:

Keywords.
Identifiers.
Literals.
Operators.
 Keywords.
 Predefined, reserved words

 Cannot be used as a variable name, function name, or any other identifier.

 Except True, False and None, all other keywords must in lower case.

 Examples: int continue, break, float, False, else, if, finally, for, return, is, while,
try, global, def, del, and, assert, class, import, await, not, with, lambda, is, in etc

 keywordDemo.py

 TrueFalseDemo.py True False Keywords

 noneKeyword.py none keyword

 Keywords pto…
 Operator Keywords: and, or, not, in, is
 AND, ∧ && and
 OR, ∨ || or
 NOT, ¬ ! not
 CONTAINS, ∈ in
 IDENTITY === is

 and, or, not,

 in (membership) <an_element> in <a_container>inDemo.py
 Python Identifiers
 Name used to identify a variable, function, module, class, module or other objects.

 Rules to follow while naming the Python Identifiers.

An identifier name must start with either an English letter or underscore (_).
An identifier name cannot start with the number.
Special characters are not allowed in the identifier name.
The identifier’s name is case sensitive.
 Python Variables
 Name that is used to refer to memory location.
 Also known as an identifier.
 Used to hold value.
 Variables are case sensitive.
 No need to declare variables

 Rules regarding the formation of variables:

The first character of a variable must be a letter or an underscore.
Variables must not contain a white space in between
All characters of a variable except the first character can a letters, digits or
underscore.
Variable names must not be similar to any keyword defined in the language.
Variable names are case sensitive.
 Declaring Variable and Assigning Values
 Variables are not required to be declared before using in the application.
 Variables are created at the required time.
 Assigning a value to a variable makes the variable to be declared automatically.
name = "james"
age = 20
marks = 80.50

print(name)
print(age)
print(marks)
NB:
Multi_word variable names follows Camel case, Pascal case, or Snake case
convention.
 Multiple Assignment
 Assigning a value to multiple variables in a single statement.
 Two ways to provide multiple assignments:
assigning a single value to multiple variables e.g:
• x=y=z=50
Assigning multiple values to multiple variables: e.g.,
• a,b,c=5,10,15

a,b,c=5,10,15
print(a)
print(b)
print(c)
 Types of variables in Python
 Local Variable
Variables that declared inside the function and have scope within the
function.
variabletype.py
 Global variables
Variables that are used throughout the program, and its scope is in the entire
program.
Variables declared outside the any function
Local variables can be made global by use of the keyword global.
variableType2.py
 Delete a variable
 Use del keyword.
 Syntax:
del <variable_name>
 E.g., del x
 variableDelete.py
 Literals
 Defined as data that is given in a variable or constant.
 Python supports the following literals:
1. String literals: e.g., “James”, ‘ruth’, ‘34’
 Two types of Strings supported in Python:
 Single-line String- Strings that are terminated within a single-line. E.g.,
text1='hello'

 Multi-line String - A piece of text that is written in multiple lines

 E.g., str2='''''welcome
text1='hello\
to
user'
SSSIT'''
print(text1)
print str2
 PTO…
2. Numeric literals:
 Int(signed integers) Long(long integers) float(floating point).

3. Boolean literals: True or False

4. Literal Collections. (List, Tuple, Set, Dictionary)

 Python Operators
 Sign/symbol that performs a certain operation between two operands, according
to one definition.
 Operators serve as the foundation upon which logic is constructed in a
programme.
Types of operators in Python:
1. Arithmetic operators 5. Bitwise Operators
2. Comparison operators 6. Membership Operators - (is, not in)
3. Assignment Operators  inDemo.py
4. Logical Operators 7. Identity Operators – is, is not (check)

Nb: 1 ** (Exponent) – (x**y), // (Floor division) – Integer division

 Operator Precedence
 The order in which the operators are examined/Evaluated to provide the right
result.
 Check out.
 Python Data Types
 Variables can hold values, and every value has a data-type.

 Python is a dynamically typed language; hence we do not need to define the type
of the variable while declaring it.

 The interpreter implicitly binds the value with its type.

 Consider: a=5
The variable a holds integer value 5 and we did not define its type. Python
interpreter will automatically interpret variables a as an integer type.

 To check the type of the variable used in the program, use type() function. (returns
the type of the variable passed). variableType1.py
 Standard data types
 A variable can hold different types of values. At one point it can store an integer,
a string etc.
 Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on
each of them. They are:
Numbers
Sequence Type
Boolean
Set
Dictionary
 Numbers
 Includes integer, float, and complex values.
 To store numeric values.
 Nb: use:
 type() function to know the data-type of the variable.
 isinstance() function to check if an object belongs to a particular class.

 NUMBERSdEMO.py
 Pto…
• Int - Integer value can be any length such as integers 10, 2, 29, -20, -150 etc.
Python has no restriction on the length of an integer. Its value belongs to int

• Float - Float is used to store floating-point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc.
• Accurate upto 15 decimal points.

• complex - A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y

denote the real and imaginary parts, respectively. The complex numbers like
2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3j, etc.

• NUMBERSdEMO.py
 Sequence Type
1. String: string1Demo.py
 Sequence of characters represented in the quotation marks.
 Use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.
 String handling is a straightforward task. (built-in functions and operators to
perform operations in the string). Ie.,
+ is used to concatenate two strings. ("hello"+" python") = “hello python”
* is known as a repetition operator. ("Python" *2 returns 'Python Python’)
2. List: string2Demo.py
 Similar to arrays in C / C++.
 List can contain data of different types.
 Items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within
square brackets []
 Use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list.
 Concatenation operator (+) and repetition operator (*) works with the list in the
same way as they were working with the strings.
3. Tuple: TupleDemo.py
 Contain collection of items of different data types. (similar to List)
 Items are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed in parentheses ().
 Read-only data structure. (i.e., size and value of the items cannot be modified).
4. Dictionary: dictDemo.py
 An unordered set of a key-value pair of items.
 Like an associative array or a hash table where each key stores a specific value.
 Key can hold any primitive data type, whereas value is an arbitrary Python object.
 Items are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed in the curly braces {}.
5. Boolean: booleanDemo.py
 Provides two built-in values, True and False.
 These values are used to determine the given statement true or false.
 Denoted by the class bool.
 True can be represented by any non-zero value or 'T' whereas false can be represented by
the 0 or 'F'.
6. Set: setDemo.py
 Unordered collection of the data type.
 It is iterable, mutable(can modify after creation), and has unique elements.
 Order of the elements is undefined; (may return the changed sequence of the
element)
 Created by using a built-in function set(), or a sequence of elements is passed
in the curly braces and separated by the comma.

 Nb:
 Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually
classes and variables are instances(object) of these classes.
 Python Type Conversion
 The process of converting data of one type to another.
 E.g., converting int data to str.
 There are two types of type conversion in Python.
Implicit Conversion - automatic type conversion. typeCoversion1.py
Python converts smaller data types to larger data types to avoid the loss of
data.
Explicit Conversion - manual type conversion
Users convert the data type of an object to required data type.
Use the built-in functions like int(), float(), str(), etc to perform explicit
type conversion.
Also called typecasting because the user casts (changes) the data type of
the objects.
typeConversion2.py
 Key Points to Remember about Typecasting
 Type Conversion is the conversion of an object from one data type to another
data type.
 Implicit Type Conversion is automatically performed by the Python interpreter.
 Python avoids the loss of data in Implicit Type Conversion.
 Explicit Type Conversion is also called Type Casting, the data types of objects
are converted using predefined functions by the user.
 In Type Casting, loss of data may occur as we enforce the object to a specific
data type.