Module 1- Part 2

1. Layered Tasks
2. The OSI Model
3. Layers in the OSI Model
4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
5. Addressing
Layered Model: Sending a Letter

Higher Layer

Middle Layer

Lower Layer
OSI Model
 OSI is the model for Understanding, Designing a network ar-
chitecture
 OSI model is a layered framework
7 Application Layer

6 Presentation Layer

5 Session Layer

4 Transport Layer

3 Network Layer

2 Data Layer

1 Physical Layer
Logical Connections between layers in the OSI model
• Layer and inter-
face

Peer -to-Peer Protocol ( 7th

7 Application Layer Application Layer 7
Layer)
7-6 interface 7-6 interface
Presentation Layer Peer -to-Peer Protocol ( 6 th
Presentation Layer
6 6
Layer)
6-5 interface 6-5 interface
Session Layer Peer -to-Peer Protocol ( 5 th
Session Layer
5 5
Layer)
5-4 interface 5-4 interface
Transport Layer Peer -to-Peer Protocol ( 4 th
Transport Layer
4 4
Layer)
4-3 interface 4-3 interface
3r 3r 3r
3 Network Layer d Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer 3
d d
3-2 interface 3-2 interface 3-2 interface 3-2 interface
2nd 2nd 2nd
2 Data Layer Data Layer Data Layer Data Layer 2
2-1 interface 2-1 interface 2-1 interface 2-1 interface
1 Physical Layer 1st 1st 1st Physical Layer 1
Physical Layer Physical Layer
 An exchange using the OSI model
• Encapsulation with header and possibly trailer
Physical Layer
 The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits
from one hop (node) to the next
 Mechanical and electrical specification, the procedures and functions
 Physical Layer: Duties
Physical characteristics of interfaces and
media
Representation of bits, encoding
Transmission of Data rate and bit duration
Synchronization of bits b/n sender &
receiver
Line configuration: Point-to-Point / Multi-Point
Physical topology of n/w connection
Transmission mode: simplex, half-duplex / full-
duplex, analog/digital, FDM/TDM etc..
Data Link Layer
 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from
one hop (node) to the next
 Transform the physical layer to a reliable (error-free) link
 Bit patterns at the beginning (Header) and the end (Trailer)
of the frame are attached to the data block
 Data Link Layer: Duties
Framing (manageable data units) and link
management
Physical addressing to identify
sender/receiver
Flow control mechanism to avoid flooding
of the receiver
Error control mechanism to detect and
retransmit the lost frames
Access control to determine which device
has the control over the link
Hop-to-Hop Delivery
Network Layer
 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
packets from the source host to the destination host

Duties
 Routing of packets from source to final destination
 Congestion control during traffic is high
 Logical address to be attached to specify the sender/receiver
Source-to-destination delivery
Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process
delivery (message from one process to another)
Transport Layer: Duties
Service-point (port) addressing: to ensure
process-to-process delivery
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control: connectionless /
connection oriented service
Flow control: control on transaction
Error control: error free delivery
Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a
Message
Application Layer
Application layer is responsible for providing services to the user like
 Network virtual terminal (Remote access)
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory services
Summary of Layers
TCP/IP and OSI Model
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer
◦ No specific protocol
Network layer
◦ IP(Internet Protocol), ARP(Address Resolution
Protocol), RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control
Message Protocol), IGMO(Internet Group Message
Protocol)
Transport layer
◦ TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User
Datagram Protocol), SCTP(Stream Control Transmission
Protocol),
Application Layer
◦ Combined session, presentation, and application layers
 Addressing
 Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols
 Physical (link), Logical (IP, network), Port, and Specific
addresses
Details of TCP/IP Layer
Relationship of Layers and Addresses
 Physical Address
 A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical
address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology
LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
 Logical (IP) Address

 The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical
addresses usually remain the same
Port Address
 The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and
port addresses usually remain the same
 Specific Address
 Some application have user-friendly addresses that are
designed for that specific address
 Example 1: e-mail address: [email protected]

◦ Defines the recipient of an e-mail

 Example2: URL (Universal Resource Locator) :
www.google.com
◦ Used to find a document on the WWW
Question & Answer

What are the responsibilities of the network layers in

the network model?

Source–to-destination delivery of the packets

Implementing the logical Address.
Listthe layers of OSI Model.
Physical Layer
Data Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
What is peer-to peer process?
The process on each machine that
communicates at a given layer are called peer-
to-peer process.
What are the responsibilities of the Transport layers in
the network model?

 Process-to-Process delivery of the entire message

 Name some of the services provided by
the application layer?
• E-mail
• Remote File Access
• File transfer
• Database management etc...
 What is the difference between port address,
a logical address and physical address?

Port Address: Specifies the name of the File or Data

Logical Address: Specifies the Identification of the Device or Ma-

chine

Physical Address: Specifies the name of the Address of Source &

Destination