CHAPTER III

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

by:
Gerwin U. Soriano
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Instrumentation and
Research Design
Data Collection

Tools for Data

Sources of Data
Analysis
 PULOT #1
RESEARCH DESIGN
A. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN is a research
method that describes the characteristics or behavior of the
subjects or phenomenon that is being studied. This design
does not attempt to answer “why” and is not used to
discover inferences, make predictions or establish causal
relationships (Bhat, 2021).
 Types of Descriptive Research Design

1. Descriptive Normative Survey. This type attempts to

establish norms based on a large number of survey data.
The survey data may be demographic data or data on
average perception of a set of respondents.

2. Correlational Research Study. This design is used when

the researcher wishes to find out the extent of which
different variables are related to one another.
 Types of Descriptive Research Design

3. Evaluative Studies. This study focuses on judging the “goodness of

a criterion measure”. It can be done in short or long period of time.
a. Longitudinal Studies. It is a study that establish changes in criterion
measure over a long period of time.
b. Cross-sectional Studies. It is a study designed to evaluate changes
over time by comparing at the same point of time, but different subject
representing different stages
 Types of Descriptive Research Design

4. Assessment Study. It is undertaken to assess the worth, success,

effectiveness, or efficiency of a certain policy, or practices when applied
to a group of subject.

5. Comparative Studies. This is a study design to establish a formal

procedure to compare and conclude that one variable is better than the
other if significant difference exists. It endeavors to find the significant
differences between two or more groups of subjects on the basis of a
criterion measure.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
B. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Though questions may be posed in the other forms of
research, experimental research is guided specifically by a
hypothesis. Sometimes experimental research can have
several hypotheses. A hypothesis is a statement to be proven
or disproved. Once that statement is made experiments are
begun to find out whether the statement is true or not.
A. Quasi-experimental Research Design involves
selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested without
any random pre-selection process. For example, to perform
an educational experiment, a class might be arbitrarily
divided by alphabetical selection or by seating arrangement.
The division is often convenient especially in an
educational situations cause a little disruption as possible.
B. True Experimental Design - According to Yolanda
Williams (2015) that a true experiment is a type of
experimental design and is thought to be the most
accurate type of experimental research. A true experiment is
also thought to be the only experimental design that can
establish cause and
effect relationships.
1. Control group and experimental group;
2. Researcher-manipulated variable;
3. Random assignment.
 PULOT NO. 2
SOURCES OF DATA
 It describes the respondents of the study and
sampling plan.
 Sampling plan describes the population of
interest, criteria used for selecting the population
sample and the procedure used in getting the
sample size.
Sampling

• Sample. An individual that represent the entire

population of a target respondents of the study. This
is the subgroup of the population
• Population. A group of individuals that the
researcher is interested in studying that usually has
common or similar characteristics.
Probability Sampling Technique

Probability Sampling refers to a sampling

technique in which samples are obtained using
some objective chance mechanism, thus involving
randomization. Please take note that
1. If your population is LESS THAN 50, go away
from probability sampling
2. Sample size should be AT LEAST 30.
1. Simple Random Sampling. The basic probability sampling
design in which the chance of selection is the same for every member
of the population.
Two ways of selecting samples:
Table Of Random Numbers Lottery Techniques

2. Systematic Random Sampling. A sampling that follows regular

intervals from a list. It has a specific steps and procedures in doing
the random selection of the samples.
Example: Population= 500
Sample size= 50
3. Stratified Random Sampling. The population is divided
into groups (strata) then simple random sampling is applied
in selecting samples from each group.
Example: desired sample size of 50 to Grade 12 HUMSS

4. Cluster Sampling. The largest scale surveys used cluster

sampling method. It is used when the target respondents in a
research study is spread across a GEOGRAPHICAL
location. In this method, the population is group into what
we called CLUSTER.
Non-Probability Sampling Technique
Non-Probability Sampling is a sampling technique that
does not give all the samples in the population equal
chances of being selected. The selection of sample is based
on the subjective judgement of the researchers.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
VALIDITY is the extent to which an instrument
measures what it is supposed to measure and
performs as it is designed to perform.

RELIABILITY can be thought of as

consistency. Does the instrument consistently
measure what it is intended to measure?