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Cell Division

This document summarizes key aspects of cell division. It describes the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis. Meiosis is also discussed, which involves two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells. The similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis are outlined. Apoptosis and necrosis, two types of cell death, are also briefly defined.

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Lavinia Donald
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77 views27 pages

Cell Division

This document summarizes key aspects of cell division. It describes the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis. Meiosis is also discussed, which involves two cell divisions to produce four haploid cells. The similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis are outlined. Apoptosis and necrosis, two types of cell death, are also briefly defined.

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Lavinia Donald
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL

DIVISION
G PHASE (SECOND GROWTH
2

PHASE)
 This phase prepares cell for division.

 It includes replication of the mitochondria and other organelles,

synthesis of microtubules and protein.

 These microtubules and proteins will makeup mitotic spindle fibers, and

chromosome condensation.
MITOSIS
 Karyokinesis (Division of Nucleus)

It is further divided into four phases.

 Prophase

 Metaphase

 Anaphase

 Telophase

 Cytokinesis (Division of Cytoplasm)


PROPHASE
METAPHASE

 Spindle fibres from opposite poles attach with each chromosome.

 Chromosomes arrange themselves along the equator of cell forming a

metaphase plate.

 A number of other fibres from the opposite centrosomes attach with

each other.
ANAPHASE
Anaphase is characterized by three events:

1.Centromeres that join the sister chromatids split.


2.Sister chromatids separate becoming individual
chromosomes.
3.Separated chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.
TELOPHASE
Telophase (the last phase of mitosis) consists of four events:

1.Chromosomes (each consisting of a single chromatid)


uncoil.
2.A nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at
each pole of the cell.
3.Spindle fibers break down and dissolve.
4.Cytokinesis begins.
CYTOKINESIS
• Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells.

• The process of cytokinesis differs somewhat in plant and animal cells.

• In animal cells the cell membrane forms a cleavage furrow that

eventually pinches the cell into two nearly equal parts, each part
containing its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.
CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT
CELLS
 Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs differently.

 Vesicles from Golgi apparatus move to the middle of cell and fuse to

form a membrane bounded disc called cell plate or phragmoplast.

 The membranes of cell plate fuse with plasma membrane and its

contents join the parental cell wall.

 As a result two daughter cells is formed.

 Each bounded by its own plasma membrane and cell wall.


SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
 Development and Growth

The number of cells within an organism increase by mitosis. This is basis


for the development of multicellular body.

 Cell Replacement

In skin and digestive tract, cells are constantly sloughed off and replaced
by new ones. Similarly red blood cells have short life span. New cells are
formed by mitosis.
 Regeneration

Some organisms regenerate the parts of their bodies. e.g., Sea star.

 Asexual Reproduction

Hydra reproduces asexually by budding. The cells at the hydra surface


undergo mitosis and form a mass called bud. Mitosis continues in the bud
cells and it grows into new individual.
MEIOSIS
 Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four
cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
 Meiosis has two cycles of cell division, conveniently called Meiosis I and
Meiosis II.
• In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated into different
nuclei.
• This is the reduction division; chromosome number is divided in half.
Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis; chromatids are separated into
separate nuclei.
• As in mitosis, it is spindle fibres that “pull” the chromosomes and
chromatids apart in meiosis.
• The end result of meiosis is four cells, each with one complete set of
chromosomes instead of two sets of chromosomes.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
The similarities between mitosis and meiosis are as follows:

• Mitosis and meiosis take place in the cell nuclei.

• Both involve cell division.

• Both the processes occur in the M-phase of the cell cycle.

• In both cycles, the stages are common – prophase, metaphase, anaphase

and telophase.

• Synthesis of DNA occurs in both.


DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
• Mitosis was discovered by Walther Flamming, while meiosis was
discovered by Oscar Hertwig.
• Cytokinesis occurs only in telophase during mitosis, while it occurs in
Telophase 1 and telophase 2 during meiosis.
• The primary function of mitosis is general growth and repair. It is also
used for cell reproduction.
• Tetrad formation is not observed in mitosis. Tetrad formation is observed
in meiosis.
• Meiosis, on the other hand, aims to provide genetic diversity through
sexual reproduction.
• Asexual mode of reproduction is observed for mitosis. Sexual mode of
reproduction is observed for meiosis.
APOPTOSIS
 Programmed cell death.

 Cell shrinks and become rounded due to the breakage of cytoskeleton

by enzymes.

 Cell membrane makes irregular buds known as blebs. Blebs break off

from the cell and are now called apoptotic bodies which are then
phagocytosed by other cells.

 Apoptosis can occur when a cell is damaged. It removes the damaged

cells and prevents the spread of infections.


NECROSIS

 It is accidental cells death and living tissues.

 It can be cause by injury, infection, cancer etc.

 It can occur when a cell is given hypoxic environments.

 Lysosomes release during necrosis. Lysosomal enzymes breaks cellular

components.

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