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Week 7 Lecture 1

Specific heats refer to the amount of energy needed to change a substance's temperature under constant volume (Cv) or constant pressure (Cp). For ideal gases, Cp is always greater than Cv. The specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv) varies with temperature but remains close to 1.667 for monatomic gases and 1.4 for diatomic gases like air at room temperature. There are three ways to determine the enthalpy and internal energy of an ideal gas: 1) using property tables, 2) integrating specific heat functions, or 3) using average specific heat values for convenience when tables are not available. The relationships between Cp, Cv, and the gas constant R allow determining Cp from a knowledge of Cv

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33 views20 pages

Week 7 Lecture 1

Specific heats refer to the amount of energy needed to change a substance's temperature under constant volume (Cv) or constant pressure (Cp). For ideal gases, Cp is always greater than Cv. The specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv) varies with temperature but remains close to 1.667 for monatomic gases and 1.4 for diatomic gases like air at room temperature. There are three ways to determine the enthalpy and internal energy of an ideal gas: 1) using property tables, 2) integrating specific heat functions, or 3) using average specific heat values for convenience when tables are not available. The relationships between Cp, Cv, and the gas constant R allow determining Cp from a knowledge of Cv

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muhammadtalhabilal6666
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SPECIFIC HEATS

• Specific heat at constant volume (Cv) can be viewed


as the energy required to raise the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance by one degree as the
volume is maintained constant
• The energy required to do the same by
maintaining pressure constant is
Specific heat at constant pressure(Cp)
• Cp > Cv
• The conversion of energy principle
Can be expressed in differential forms

Where

Or
• Similarly an expression for the specific heat at
constant pressure can be obtained

• The above equations are property


Relations
• Valid for any substance undergoing
any process
• Cv is related to the changes in
internal energy
• Cp to the changes in enthalpy
• Therefore:-

• Cv is the change in internal energy of a substance per


unit change in temperature at constant volume.

• Cp is the change in enthalpy of a substance per unit


change in temperature at constant pressure.
Internal Energy, Enthalpy and specific heats
of ideal gases
• For ideal gas
Pv =RT
Joules found out that Internal
Energy is function of temperature

Using definition of enthalpy and


Eq of ideal gas
• Since R is constant and u=u(T) it follows that the
enthalpy of an ideal gas is also a function of
temperature

• The differential change can be expressed as

And
• The change in internal energy or enthalpy for
an ideal gas during a process from state 1 to
state 2 is determined by
• The equations are time consuming . Therefore
specific heat functions can be replaced by
constant average specific heat values
Summary
There are three way to determine the enthalpy and internal
energy of an ideal gas
• By using tabulated u and h data(easiest way when tables are
available)
• By using Cv and Cp relations as function of temperature and
performing integrations(Computerized calculations)
• By using average specific heats(convenient when property
tables are not given)
Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
The relationship between cp, cv and R

dh = cpdT and du = cvdT On a molar basis

Specific heat
ratio

• The specific ratio varies with


temperature, but this variation is very
mild.
• For monatomic gases (helium, argon,
etc.), its value is essentially constant at
1.667.
The cp of an ideal gas can be
• Many diatomic gases, including air,
determined from a knowledge of cv
have a specific heat ratio of about 1.4
and R. at room temperature.
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution

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