UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING

BACHLOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Computer Graphics
20CAT-312

DISCOVER . LEARN .
EMPOWER 1
 Course Objectives
• This course is designed to provide a comprehensive
introduction to computer graphics techniques.
• This course provides basic elements involved in drawing
shapes.
• Provide an understanding of how to transform the shapes to
fit them as per the picture definition

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 Course Outcomes
• Students will have an understanding of computer Graphics
Applications, Visual

• Display devices and two dimensional graphics primitives.

• Students will understand the mathematics and logic behind 2D

transformations and viewing.

• The students will learn various types of projections and 3D

transformations

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 Syllabus
Unit-I
Introduction: Computer Graphics, Computer Graphics Applications.
Video Display Devices: Refresh Cathode Ray Tube, Raster Scan displays,
Random Scan Displays, Architecture of Raster and Random Scan Monitors,
Color CRT-monitors, Color Generating Techniques (Shadow Mask, Beam
Penetration), Direct View Storage Tube, Flat Panel Display, Graphics monitors
and Workstations.
Two dimensional Graphics Primitives: Points and Lines, Point plotting
Techniques: Coordinate system, Increment method, Line drawing algorithm:
DDA, Bresenham’s line drawing, Bresenham‘s circle drawing algorithm: Using
polar coordinates, Midpoint circle drawing algorithms Filled area algorithm:
Scan line, Polygon filling algorithms, Boundary filled algorithms.

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 Contents

• Raster Scan Display

• Horizontal and Vertical Retrace

• Random Scan Display

• Raster and Random Scan System

• Comparison (Raster and Random System)

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 Pixel

A pixel is the basic logical unit in digital graphics. Pixels are

combined to form a complete image, video, text or any visible
thing on a computer display.

The pixel resolution also determines the quality of display; more

pixels per inch of monitor screen yields better image results.

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 What is Raster Scan

• A raster scan, or raster scanning, is the rectangular pattern

of image capture and reconstruction in television.
• It is a systematic process of covering the area progressively,
one line at a time.
• Although often a great deal faster, it is similar in the most-general
sense to how one's gaze travels when one reads lines of text.

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 Raster Scan Display
Raster: A rectangular array of points or dots

Pixel: One dot or picture element of the raster

Scan Line: A row of pixels.

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 FRAME BUFFER

A frame buffer is a portion of RAM containing a bitmap that

drives a video display. It is a memory buffer containing a
complete frame of data.

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 Raster Scan Display
Stored intensity values then retrieved from refresh buffer
and “painted” on the screen one row (scan line) at a time.

Fig. A raster-scan system displays an object as a set of discrete points across each scan line.

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 Horizontal Retrace
The return to the left of the screen, after refreshing
each scan line is called horizontal retrace.

Fig. Horizontal Retrace.[1]

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 Vertical Retrace
At the end of Each frame the electron beam returns
to the top left corner of the screen to begin the next
frame.

Fig. Vertical Retrace.[1]

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 Polling

The process of digitizing a given picture definition

into a set of pixel-intensity for storage in the frame
buffer is called
a) Rasterization
b) Encoding
c) Scan conversion
d) True color system

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 Random Scan Display
1. In Random Scan display , a CRT
has the electron beam directed
only to the parts of the screen
where a picture is to be drawn.
2. Random scan monitors draw a
picture one line at a time and for
this reason are also referred as
vector display.
3. A pen plotter operates in a 5. Picture definition is now
similar way and is an example of stored as a set of line
random scan. drawing commands in an
4. Refresh rate depends on the area referred to as refresh
number of lines to be displayed. display file.
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 Raster
RasterScan System
Scan System
• Addition to the CPU, special purpose processor, Video Controller is used
to control of the operation of the display device.
• Frame Buffer can be anywhere in the systems memory & video
controller access the frame buffer to refresh the screen.

Fig.2-25 The architecture of a simple raster graphics system.

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 How characters are displayed on a
Raster-scan system

Possibilities to save fonts of different

Limits in size, font type, etc. Sizes without the need to save
a large bitmap.
Raster Scan Display [2] 17
 Applications
 Suited for realistic display of screens
 Home television computer printers create their images
basically by raster scanning. Laser printers use a spinning
polygonal mirror (or an optical equivalent) to scan across
the photosensitive drum, and paper movement provides
the other scan axis
 Common raster image formats include BMP (Windows Bitmap), JPEG
(Joint Photographics Expert Group), GIF (Graphics Interchange
Format) , PNG (Portable Network Graphic), PSD (Adobe PhotoShop)

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 Applications

Raster Scan Display Application [6] 19

Advantages and disadvantages

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 Polling

Raster is a synonym for the term ……..

a) Array
b) Matrix
c) Model
d) All of the above

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 Video Controller
Random Scan Display

• Fixed portion of the memory is reserved.

• Frame buffer locations, and the corresponding screen
positions are referenced in Cartesian Coordinates.

Fig. Architecture of a raster system with a fixed portion of the system memory reserved for the frame
buffer.

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 Video Controller refresh operation

Two registers are used to store

the coordinates of the screen
pixels.
Initially the x-register is set to 0
and y-register is set to y-max.
The value stored in frame buffer
for this pixel is retrieved and used
to set intensity of the CRT beam.
Then the x-register is
incremented and the procedure
repeated for next pixel on the top
scan line. Fig. Basic video-controller refresh operations.

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 Display Processor

Also called either a Graphics Controller or Display Co-Processor.

Specialized hardware to assist in scan converting output primitives

into the frame buffer.

The display processor is used to convert digital information from the CPU
into analog value needed by the display device.

A major task of display processor is to perform a process called 24 scan

conversion. It is the process of separating contiguous graphics objects as a
collection of ellipse, rectangles and polygons.
 Raster-scan
Raster Scan Display Processor system
The purpose of the display processor is to free the CPU from the graphics
chores.
A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture definition given in
an application program into a set of pixel-intensity values for storage in the
frame buffer. This digitization process is caIled scan conversion.

Fig. Architecture of a raster-graphics system with a display processor.

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 Polling

In raster scan display, the frame buffer

holds ......................
a) Line drawing commands
b) Scanning instructions
c) Image Resolution
d) Intensity information

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 Random Scan Display

1. In Random Scan display , a CRT

has the electron beam directed
only to the parts of the screen
where a picture is to be drawn.
2. Random scan monitors draw a
picture one line at a time and for
this reason are also referred as
vector display.
3. A pen plotter operates in a 5. Picture definition is now
similar way and is an example of stored as a set of line drawing
random scan. commands in an area referred
4. Refresh rate depends on the to as refresh display file.
number of lines to be displayed.

Random Scan Display [7] 27332332

 Random-Scan (Vector) displays
Vector stands for line.
Developed in the mid-sixties and in common use until the mid-
eighties.
The electron beam is directed only to parts of the screen where
the picture is to be drawn.

MoveTo (300,800)
LineTo (700,800)
LineTo (500,300)
LineTo (300,800)

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Random Scan Display [8]
 Random Scan System
Graphics commands in the application program are translated by the
graphics package into a display file stored in the system memory.
This display file is then accessed by the display processor to refresh the
screen

Fig. Architecture of a simple random scan system

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 Advantages and Disadvantages

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 Polling

Gray scale is used in ............................

a) A Monitor that have color capability
b) A Monitor that have no color capability
c) Random scan display
d) Raster scan display

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 COMPARISON
Raster Scan System Random Scan System
Resolution
It has poor or less Resolution It has High Resolution
Electron- Electron Beam is directed to only that part of screen
Beam Electron Beam is directed from top to bottom and where picture is required to be drawn, one line at a
one row at a time on screen, but electron beam is time so also called Vector Display.
directed to whole screen.

Cost
It is less expensive It is Costlier
Refresh Rate
Refresh rate is 60 to 80 frame per second. Refresh Rate is 30 to 60 times per second.
Picture
It Stores picture definition in Refresh Buffer also It Stores picture definition as a set of line
Definition
called Frame Buffer. commands called Refresh Display File.

Line Drawing
Zig – Zag line Smooth line
Realism in It contains shadow, advance shading and It does not contain shadow and hidden surface
display hidden surface technique so gives the realistic technique so it can not give realistic display of
display of scenes. scenes.
Image
Drawing It uses Pixels along scan lines for drawing an It is designed for line drawing applications and uses
image. various mathematical function to draw.

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THANK YOU

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