1 Types and components of computer systems

Computer systems consist of two parts: hardware and software, and both are essential
for computers to carry out tasks.

Hardware are the physical components of a computer system such as motherboard,

memory, sound cards, screens/ monitors, keyboards, printers, etc.

Software are the programs for controlling the operation of a computer or for the
processing of electronic data.
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Basic components

 hardware (internal hardware and external hardware)

Internal Hardware devices

1. Motherboard

2. Random access memory (RAM)

] Internal memory
3. Read-only-memory (ROM)

4. Graphic card

5. Sound card

6. Internal hard disk drive/ solid-state drive (HDD/ SSD) {Backing storage}

7. Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor

8. Network Interface Card (NIC)

3 Internal Hardware devices

Motherboard RAM ROM

Graphics card Sound card HDD SSD

 4 Motherboard is a printed circuit Random access memory (RAM) is
board found in all computers. It an internal chip where data is
allows the processor and other temporarily stored when running Read-only memory (ROM) is a
computer hardware to function and applications. memory used to store information that
communicate with each other. needs to be permanent.

Network interface card (NIC) is a

Central processing unit (CPU) or component that allows a computer or
processor is an electronic circuit board in a INTERNAL COMPUTER any other device to be connected to a
computer that can execute instructions HARDWARE network ; it can be wired or wireless.
from a computer program.

Sound card is an integrated circuit Internal hard disk drive/ solid-state drive
Graphics card allows the computer board that provides a computer with (HDD/SSD) are one of the main methods for
to send graphical information to a the ability to produce sounds. storing data, files (text, photos and music)
video display device. and most of the system and applications
software.
5 External hardware devices

1. Monitors/ screens

2. Keyboards and mice

3. External storage devices (e.g. external hard disk drive, memory sticks/

pen drives)

4. Printers

5. Scanners

6. Speakers and microphones

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Software (applications software and system software)

Applications software System software

1. Word processing software 1. Operating systems
2. Spreadsheets software 2. Device drivers
3. Database management system software 3. Compliers
4. Control and measuring software 4. Linkers
5. Apps and applets software 5. Utilities
6. Graphic editing software
7. Video editing software
8. Audio editing software
9. Computer-aided design (CAD) Software
 Word processing software is used to Database management system
7 Spreadsheets software is used software is used to organize,
manipulate a text document, such as an
to organize and manipulate manipulate and analyze data
essay or a report.
numerical data. • ability to carry out queries on database
• creating, editing, saving and
• use of formulae to carry out data and produce a report (DBMS)
manipulating text.
calculations • add, delete and modify data in a table.
• import photos/images into a
• ability to produce graphs
structured page format.

Apps and Applets are small

Control and measuring software is applications that perform a single
designed to allow a computer or task on a device. Apps refer to
microprocessor to interface with sensors. software which can perform a fairly
• measure physical quantities in the real substantial task
world APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
• control applications Programs that allow the
user to do specific tasks
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Audio editing software allows a Software used to help in the
user to edit, manipulate and creation, manipulation,
generate audio data on a Graphics editing modification and analysis of a
Video editing software
computer. software allows bitmap drawing/design.
allows a user the ability to • produce 2D or 3D diagrams.
manipulate videos to produce and vector images to be
a new video. changed.
 A compiler is a computer program that translates a
8 program written in a high-level language (HLL) A device driver is the name given to
into machine code so that it can be directly used by A linker (or link editor) is a computer software that enables one or more hardware
a computer to perform a required task. The original program that takes one or more object devices to communicate with the computer’s
program is called the source code and the code files produced by a compiler and operating system.
after compilation is called the object code. combines them into a single program that All hardware devices connected to a
• Java, Python, Visual Basic, Fortran, C++ can be run on a computer. computer have associated drivers.

Utility programs are software that has been

designed to carry out specific tasks on a
The operating system (OS) is essentially software computer.
running in the background of a computer system. SYSTEM SOFTWARE • antivirus
• input/output operations Programs that allow the • anti-spyware
• users to communicate with the hardware to run properly and • backup of files
computer (for example, Windows) allow the user to communicate • disk repair
• error handling to take place with the computer • file management
• the loading and running of programs to occur • security
• managing of security (for example, • screensavers
user accounts, log on passwords). • disk defragmenter
https://youtu.be/JCxDrRCFvIc
9 Main components of computer systems

 Input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.

 Processor (CPU) and internal memory (ROM and RAM)
 Output devices (printer, monitor, speakers, etc.)
 Backing / secondary storage devices (DVD-R/W drive, internal
hard disk drive, etc.)
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Main components of computer systems
Input devices
 keyboard, mouse, camera, microphone, sensor, scanner
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Main components of computer systems

Secondary storage devices

 hard disk drive, solid-state drive, pen drive
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Main components of computer systems

Output devices
 monitor, printer, speakers, projecter
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The internal hardware devices consist of four key

components:
» the central processing unit (CPU) (contained on the motherboard)

» internal hard disk drive or solid-state drive

» random access memory (RAM)

» read-only memory (ROM).

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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 part of the computer that interprets and executes the commands from the
computer hardware and software.

 made up of a control unit, which controls the input and output devices; an
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), which carries out calculations and makes
logical decisions, and small memory locations called registers.

Random access memory (RAM)

 an internal chip where data is temporarily stored when running applications.
its contents are lost when power to the computer is turned off.

 referred to a volatile or temporary memory

15 Read-only memory (ROM)
 used to store information that needs to be permanent.

 the information stored on the ROM chip is not lost,

 referred to as non-volatile memories

 Contains some coding known as the boot file. BIOS (basic input/ output
system)

 BIOS stores the date, time and system configuration in a non-volatile chip
called a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor)
 Internal memory: Read-only memory (ROM) and Random access memory (RAM)
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Types of Computers(Size and Speed)

1. Super Computer

2. Mainframe Computer

3. Mini Computer

4. Micro Computer
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 Restore Down
Menu Bar and Tabs Title Bar Minimize

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Close

Ribbon Display
Commands Options

Vertical Scroll
Ruler Bar

Document Page

Status Bar View Buttons

Zoom Slider
 Differences between Desktop Computer and
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Laptop Computer
Desktop Computer Laptop Computer

• Heavy • Less weight

• Importable • Portable

• Use more space • Save more space

• Use house electricity (plug) • Use battery

• Bigger Memory • Less memory

 1. Select All Ctrl + A
2. Bold Ctrl + B
33 3. Copy Ctrl + C
4. Paste Ctrl + V
5. Cut Ctrl + X
6. Italic Ctrl + I
7. New Ctrl + N
8. Open save file Ctrl + O
9. Print Ctrl + P
10. Underline Ctrl + U
11. To save file Ctrl + S
12. Undo Ctrl + Z
13. Redo Ctrl + Y
14. New document Ctrl + Enter
15. Subscripts (H2O, CO2) Ctrl + =
16. Superscripts (x2, y2, 1st ) Ctrl + Shift + +
17. Align text left Ctrl + L
18. Center Ctrl + E
19. Align text right Ctrl + R
20. Justify Ctrl + J
21. Grow font (Increase the font size) Ctrl + Shift + >
22. Shrink font (Decrease the font size) Ctrl + Shift + <
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Selecting Methods

1. Double Click (One Word)

2. Triple Click (One Paragraph)

3. Shift + Right Arrow (One Alphabet)

4. Ctrl + Shift + Right Arrow (One Word)

5. Ctrl + Click on the sentence (One Sentence)