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Two Theoretical Formulas Were Developed To Calculate The Data Rate: One by Nyquist For A Noiseless Channel. Another by Shannon For A Noisy Channel

The document discusses data rate limits for data communications. It introduces Nyquist's theory for a noiseless channel which calculates the maximum bit rate from bandwidth and signal levels. Shannon's theory calculates channel capacity for a noisy channel using bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. The key factors that determine data rate are bandwidth, signal levels, and channel noise. Nyquist's formula provides the theoretical maximum without noise, while Shannon's formula provides the maximum possible in the presence of noise.

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136 views8 pages

Two Theoretical Formulas Were Developed To Calculate The Data Rate: One by Nyquist For A Noiseless Channel. Another by Shannon For A Noisy Channel

The document discusses data rate limits for data communications. It introduces Nyquist's theory for a noiseless channel which calculates the maximum bit rate from bandwidth and signal levels. Shannon's theory calculates channel capacity for a noisy channel using bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. The key factors that determine data rate are bandwidth, signal levels, and channel noise. Nyquist's formula provides the theoretical maximum without noise, while Shannon's formula provides the maximum possible in the presence of noise.

Uploaded by

ak.dan25240
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3-5 DATA RATE LIMITS

A very important consideration in data communications


is how fast we can send data, in bits per second, over a
channel. Data rate depends on three factors:
1. The bandwidth available
2. The level of the signals we use
3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)
Two theoretical formulas were developed to calculate the
data rate: one by Nyquist for a noiseless channel. another by
Shannon for a noisy channel.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate
 Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity
 Using Both Limits

3.1
Note

Increasing the levels of a signal


increases the probability of an error
occurring, in other words it reduces the
reliability of the system. Why??

3.2
Nyquist Theorem
 Nyquist gives the upper bound for the bit rate
of a transmission system by calculating the
bit rate directly from the number of bits in a
symbol (or signal levels) and the bandwidth
of the system (assuming 2 symbols/per cycle
and first harmonic).
 Nyquist theorem states that for a noiseless
channel:
C = 2 B log22n
C= capacity in bps
B = bandwidth in Hz
3.3
 Given a specific bandwidth, we can have any
bit rate we want by increasing the number of
signa11eve1s.
 Although the idea is theoretically correct,
practically there is a limit.
 When we increase the number of signal1eve1s,
we impose a burden on the receiver.

3.4
 Increasing the levels of a signal may reduce
the reliability of the system.

3.5
Shannon’s Theorem

 Shannon’s theorem gives the capacity


of a system in the presence of noise.

C = B log2(1 + SNR)
 In reality, we cannot have a noiseless
channel; the channel is always noisy.

3.6
 Note that in the Shannon formula there is no
indication of the signal level, which means that
no matter how many levels we have, we
cannot achieve a data rate higher than the
capacity of the channel.
 In other words, the formula defines a
characteristic of the channel, not the method of
transmission.

3.7
Note

The Shannon capacity gives us the


upper limit; the Nyquist formula tells us
how many signal levels we need.

3.8

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