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Tutorials On Calculus Part 1

This document provides a tutorial on calculus concepts including: - An introduction to calculus and the difference between calculus and pre-calculus. Calculus involves continuous change while pre-calculus involves more static concepts. - Definitions and identification of functions using the vertical line test, and determining the domain and range of functions. - The concept of rate of change and how it relates to the slope of a tangent line to a curve at a point. Derivation of the difference quotient and limits are also discussed.

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Mowon Daniel
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31 views

Tutorials On Calculus Part 1

This document provides a tutorial on calculus concepts including: - An introduction to calculus and the difference between calculus and pre-calculus. Calculus involves continuous change while pre-calculus involves more static concepts. - Definitions and identification of functions using the vertical line test, and determining the domain and range of functions. - The concept of rate of change and how it relates to the slope of a tangent line to a curve at a point. Derivation of the difference quotient and limits are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Mowon Daniel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

TET HUB

01/30/2024

Tutorials on Calculus Part 1


Content:
• Introduction to calculus: Definition of calculus, difference between
calculus and pre-calculus and application of calculus.
• Functions: Definition and Identification of functions, Vertical line test,
range and domain of functions, types of functions and graphs of
functions.
• Rate of change of a function: slope of a tangent line at a point on a
curve, derivation of difference quotient and limits.

1
Introduction to
Calculus
• Calculus is the mathematics of continuous
change.
• Pre-calculus is also a branch of mathematics
studied before calculus. It involves algebra,
trigonometry, matrices, partial fraction, complex
numbers, etc. In high schools, it is called
“Further Mathematics”.
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Introduction to Calculus: Difference between pre-calculus and
calculus

• Pre-calculus mathematics is more static, whereas, calculus is


more dynamic involving change. Here are a few instances:
a) Pre-calculus deals with the slope of a line, Calculus deals with
the slope of a curve: The slope of a line is the same and static
along the line, the slope of a curve varies along the curve.
b) Pre-calculus involves the study of objects moving with
constant velocities, calculus involves the study of objects with
acceleration: Instantaneous velocity/acceleration is calculated
using calculus.

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Introduction to Calculus: Difference between pre-
calculus and calculus

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Introduction to Calculus: Application of calculus
It is important that we understand the use of this subject and the need to
study it:
• It is used in mechanics and motion to calculate velocity and
acceleration.
• It is used in the study of rate of reaction
• It is used to analyze the population of predators and prey over time in
biology.
• Civil engineers and architects use calculus in the construction of
bridges and other structures.
• Biologists use calculus to predict the rate of growth of bacteria.

And01/30/2024
many more… TET HUB 5
Functions: Definition
• A function is a relationship between two variables such
that, each value of the independent variable has only
one corresponding value of the dependent variable.
• Given,
is the independent variable
is the dependent variable
• “ is a function of ” is expressed mathematically as:

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Functions: Identification of functions
• The difference between a functional relationship and any
other equation is that for every value of , there should be only
one corresponding value of .
Example 1: Which of the following is not a function
A B
3 6 1 4
4 8 8 5
0 12 7 0
5 2 8 10

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Functions: Identification of functions
• Example 2: Which of the following are
functions?
a) (2,3) , (4,9) , (8,10) , (-2,2)
b)(1,8) , (4,3) , (0,8) , (3,9)
c) (9,10) , (-3,5) , (5,-4) , (9,-2)
d)(1,1) , (2,2) , (3,3) , (4,4)

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Functions: Identification of functions

•Example 3: Which of the following


defines as a function of

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Functions: Vertical Line Test

• A vertical line test is a graphical method used


to determine whether a graph is the graph of
a function by examining the number of
intersections of the curve with a vertical line.
• If a vertical line intersects the graph of an
equation at most once, then the equation
defines as a function of .
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Functions:
Vertical Line
Test

• Examples:

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Functions: Range and Domain

• Domain is defined as the set of all possible input


values () of a function.
• Range is defined as the set of all possible output
values () of a function.

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Functions: Range and Domain
• Tips for determining domain and range
1. If the function is a fraction, the denominator has to be non-zero. If the
denominator is zero, then the entire function will be undefined. Hence,
any set of numbers that causes the denominator to be zero should not be
included in the domain (set of input values).
If,
Therefore, Domain: and Range:
Examples: Find the domain and range of the functions
a) b)

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Functions: Range and Domain
2. The number under the square root sign should not be negative, it is
either positive or zero. If negative, then it’ll undefined.

Domain: Or and Range:


Examples:
a) b) c)

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Functions: Range and Domain

3. The square of any number will always either be positive or zero, it


cannot be negative. Therefore the range (output values) can never be
negative. The domain could be either positive, zero or negative, all real
numbers.
If then, Domain: , Range:
Examples:
a) b)

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Functions: Range and Domain
4. All linear functions have the domain: and Range: .
Example:

01/30/2024 TET HUB 16


Functions: Range and Domain

Exercises

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01/30/2024 TET HUB 18
Functions: Implicit and Explicit functions
• Implicit function is a type of function written in terms of both dependent and
independent variables.
• Examples:

• Explicit function is a function which is represented in terms of an independent


variable. That is, the independent variable and the dependent variable reside on
either side of the equation and not on the same side.
• Examples:

You can convert an implicit function into an explicit function, but it’s not always the
case.
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Functions: Types of functions and graphs

Three main categories of functions:


A. Algebraic function
B. Trigonometric function
C. Exponential and logarithmic functions

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Functions: Types of functions and graphs
A. Algebraic
functions

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Functions: Graphs of functions

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Functions: Types of functions and graphs
B. Trigonometric
(Periodic)
functions

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Functions: Types of functions and graphs
C. Exponential
and logarithmic
functions

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Rate of change
Derivative of difference quotient:

Rate of change of function at a


point = slope of the tangent
line to the curve at that point.

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Rate of change

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Rate of change:
Exercises

Ref: Calculus by Ron


Larson, pg 107

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Reference:
1. Calculus: A complete course by Robert
A. Adams and Christopher Essex
2. Calculus by Ron Larson and Bruce
Edwards
3. The Organic Chemistry Tutor (YouTube)
4. MAT 102 Lecture Note
01/30/2024 TET HUB 30
THANK YOU!
TET HUB

01/30/2024 31

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