PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION:

Review Class
Introduction

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one

place, person or group to another.

Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a

recipient. This may sound simple, but communication is actually a
very complex subject.

The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be

affected by a huge range of things. These include our emotions, the
cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our
location. The complexity is why good communication skills are
considered so desirable by employers around the world: accurate,
effective and unambiguous communication is actually extremely
hard.
Lesson 1:The Nature of Language
According to William G. Moulton(an American
linguist) language is a wonderful rich vehicle for
communication. We can use it to convey wishes and
commands, to tell truths or lies, to persuade listeners
and to express our emotions.
The Difference Between Language and
Communication
Language vs Communication
• Language can only be produced or utilized into the
maximum extent by humans.
• Language is only exclusive for humans.
• Language has diversity.
• Language for humans has many types. (Sign
language(ASL), braille, texts, phone calls etc.)
• Animals cannot make use of language. (Can only imitate)
• Communication can be both used by humans or animals.
(While a person can communicate with another human
being/s animals can only do so much.)
Three Main Compositions of Language

• Grammar- the structure of a language/system of

rules
• Phonology- the sound system( way to pronounce
each letters or words)
• Lexicon- vocabulary (words used in a language)
Speech Community
What is a Speech Community?
• A speech community is a group of people who
share rules for conducting and interpreting at least
one variety of a language or dialect. The term can
be applied to a neighborhood, a city, a region or a
nation.
Process of Learning Language
Process of Learning Language
Language Acquisition- the process of
learning your first language/mother
tongue. This usually takes place at
home with your parents or
guardians.
Process of Learning Language
Language Learning- the process of
learning your second language, this
takes place at school or any
environment outside home.
Language Contact
Language contact is the social and linguistic
phenomenon by which speakers of different
languages (or different dialects of the same
language) interact with one another, leading to a
transfer of linguistic features.
Language Change
Language Change is the result of language contact in
which 2 or more speakers from different speech
communities interact or communicate with each
other by adapting to each other’s language finding
their common ground.
Lesson 2: Types of Communication
Introduction
Since communication is generally defined as the
exchange of thoughts and ideas, various contexts
come into play. Context is the circumstance or
environment in which communication takes place.
Communication may then be classified according to
(1) communication mode, (2) context and (3)
purpose and style.
Types of Communication According to Mode
Verbal – Non-verbal Communication

Verbal- Non-verbal communication is a type of

communication where two or more people
communicate with each other by speaking and
gestures.
Visual Communication
Visual communication is the type of communication
that uses visuals to convey information and or
messages.
Types of Communication According to Context
Intrapersonal Communication

Intrapersonal Communication from

the latin prefix intra meaning within
or inside is a type of communication
which means talking to oneself.
Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication
from the latin prefix inter
meaning between or among is a
type of communication which
involves 2 or more people.
Types of Speech Situations under Interpersonal
Communication
Conversation
Conversation is a communication
situation where a person wants to
establish or deepen one’s
relationship with the other individual
(less formal and profound)
Transactional
Transactional is a type of
communication situation that aims
to accomplish or resolve something
at the end of the
conversation(formal or serious)
Extended Communication
• Extended Communication is a type of
communication that involves the use of electronic
media/devices
Organizational Communication
This type of communication focuses on the
communication that takes place among group of
people with the same objectives or goal.
Types of Organizational Communication in a
Formal Structure
Downward Communication

Downward Communication is a
type of communication flow that
comes from the upper to lower
positions.
Upward Communication

A complete opposite of downward

communication flow: the message is
delivered from the lower to the
upper positions.
Horizontal Communication

Is a lateral approach ,a type of

communication in an organization
which is also considered between 2
or more people with the same
positions.
Crosswise Communication

A type of communication where

two different
departments/branches
collaborate for a common cause.
Type of Organizational Communication in an
Informal Structure
Informal/Grapevine communication

Informal/grapevine communication comes from

unofficial channels of message flow( meaning the
source of the information is hard to pinpoint or can’t
be traced). This type of communication involves
different levels of the organization and occurs due to
dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by
uncertainty and other negative factors that are
against the company rules.
Intercultural Communication
• As the term implies , it is communication between
or among people having different linguistic,
religious, ethnic, social, and professional
backgrounds.
Types of Communication According to Purpose
and Style
Formal Communication
Employs formal language delivered orally or in
written form.
Examples
Public Talks
Speech
Informal communication

Certainly does not employ formal language. It

involves personal and ordinary conversations with
friends family members or acquaintances about any
topics under the sun.
Example
Conversation with friends and/or family.
Lesson 3: Principles and Models of
Communication
A model can be defined as a visual presentation that
identifies, classifies and describes various parts of a
process. In the communication process, sender,
message, media, and receiver are associated.
Communication process starts with the transmission
of a message by communicator and end with
receiver’s feedback.
Aristotle

Aristotle was one of the greatest

philosophers who ever lived and
the first genuine scientist in
history. He made pioneering
contributions to all fields of
philosophy and science, he
invented the field of formal logic,
and he identified the various
scientific disciplines and explored
their relationships to each other.
About the Model
• The most basic and common of all communication
models.
• It highlights public speaking.
• This model suggests that the speaker variable is
very important.
• Without the speaker there will be no speech to be
produced.
Laswell

Harold Laswell was an influential social scientist

who contributed to the field of political science
through research on political psychology,
quantitative methods, and public policy.
About the Model
• He described communication as being focused on
the following Ws: Who says What in Which channel
to Whom and with What effect as seen in the
model.
• Similar to Aristotle’s model in the sense both are
linear and have the same components with the
addition of two: medium and effect.
Shannon and Weaver

In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and

Weaver was an American scientist both of them join together to write an
article in “Bell System Technical Journal” called “A Mathematical Theory of
Communication” and also called as “Shannon-Weaver model of
communication”.
About the Model
• It was originally conceptualized for the functioning
of radio and television as a serving model for
technical communication.
• Later on adopted in the field of Communication.
Berlo
David Kenneth Berlo (1929-1996) was the
eleventh president of Illinois State University. A
native of St. Louis, Missouri, Berlo was interested
in communication and earned his psychology
degree and later his PhD in communication from
the University of Illinois. While there, Berlo wrote
what would become a popular textbook in the
field of communication, The Process of
Communication. In 1958, Berlo became the first
chairperson for the new department of General
Communication Arts at Michigan State University
and served in that capacity until his appointment
as Illinois State University’s newest president in
1971.
About the Model
• David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is
probably the most well-known among the
communication models.
• Initially Berlo’s model was called SMCR which
stands for sender of the message, sent through a
channel or medium to a receiver. However it was
modified later on to include noise, hence the
acronym SMCRN.
General Principles of Effective Communication
General Principles of Effective Communication

1.Know your purpose

General Principles of Effective Communication

When you communicate, your purpose is

not what you want to do; instead, it is
what you want your audience to do as a
result of reading what you wrote or
listening to what you said.
General Principles of Effective Communication

2. Know your audience

General Principles of Effective Communication

Audience analysis involves identifying the audience

and adapting a speech to their interests, level of
understanding, attitudes, and beliefs. Taking an
audience-centered approach is important because a
speaker's effectiveness will be improved if the
presentation is created and delivered in an
appropriate manner.
General Principles of Effective Communication

3. Know you topic

General Principles of Effective Communication

Your audience needs to recognize you as a credible

speaker and being knowledgeable about your topic is
an easy way to do this. A good understanding will
help you explain difficult parts of the topic and give
you more confidence during the questions and
answers session.
General Principles of Effective Communication

4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the

situation.
General Principles of Effective Communication

A speaker can use information about the audience to

adapt his or her message to the particular audience
while preparing the speech. Demographic
information helps the speaker anticipate the
audience and imagine how they will respond to
different aspects of the message.
General Principles of Effective Communication

5. Work on the feedback given to you.

General Principles of Effective Communication

To improve your skills and grow professionally, it's

essential that you get feedback on your work – you
can't fix something that you don't know is broken! In
the long run, constructive criticisms will prove
beneficial to you as you learn to address them.
Principles of Oral
Communication
Principles of Oral
Communication
1. Be clear with your purpose
Principles of Oral
Communication
You should know by heart your objective in
communicating.
Principles of Oral
Communication
2. Be complete with the message you deliver
Principles of Oral
Communication
Make sure that your claims are supported by facts
and essential information.
Principles of Oral
Communication
3. Be concise
Principles of Oral
Communication
You don’t need to lengthen your speech or become
wordy with your statements. Brevity in speech is a
must.
Principles of Oral
Communication
4. Be natural with your delivery
Principles of Oral
Communication
Punctuate important words with appropriate
gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of
confidence even if you are anxious.
Principles of Oral
Communication
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback
Principles of Oral
Communication
Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.
When the listener/receiver and speaker give each
other a back and forth feedback, it is mostly due to
the speaker’s good engagement with the audience.
Principles of Written Communication
Principles of Written Communication
1. Be clear: Always be guided with your purpose in
communicating
2. Be concise: Always stick to the point
3. Be concrete: Support your claims with enough facts
4. Be correct: Observe your grammar
5. Be coherent: Provide logical statements connected to the
topic at hand
6. Be complete: Include all necessary and relevant
information
7. Be courteous: Avoid any overtone/undertone or
insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation
Ethics of Communication
Ethical Considerations in an Organization for
Effective Communication
• Establish an effective value system that will pave
the way for the development of your integrity as a
person.
• Provide complete and accurate information.
• Disclose vital information adequately and
appropriately.
Thank you! 