Omd551 Bbi Notes Unit-1
Omd551 Bbi Notes Unit-1
Prepared By
Dr.Gnanasekar.A.K
Professor/ECE
Introduction
• In order to measure and record potentials (currents) in the
body, it is necessary to provide some interface between the
body and the electronic measuring apparatus.
• Current flows in the measuring circuit for at least a fraction
of the period of time over which the measurement is
made.
• Bio potential electrodes is a transducer that convert the
body ionic current in the body into the traditional
electronic current flowing in the electrode.
• Current is carried in the body by ions, whereas it is carried
in the electrode and its lead wire by electrons.
Electrode change an ionic current into an electronic current
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electrical
behaviour
equivalent circuit
?
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?
electrical
behaviour
equivalent circuit
?
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electrical
behaviour
equivalent circuit
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equivalent
circuit
electrode-electrolyte
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more precise
approximation of double
layer – Randles circuit
electrode-electrolyte
a1 and a2 are the activity of the ions on each side of the membrane.
Ionic activity is the availability of an ionic species in solution to enter
into a reaction.
Note: ionic activity most of the time equal the concentration of the
ion
For the general oxidation-reduction reaction
A B C D
The Nernst equation for half cell potential is ne
RT a a
EE 0
ln C D
nF
a B
A a
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Polarizable and Nonpolarizable
Electrodes
Perfectly Polarizable Electrodes
Electrodes in which no actual charge crosses the electrode-electrolyte
interface when a current is applied. The current across the interface is
a displacement current and the electrode behaves like a capacitor.
Overpotential is due concentration. Example : Platinum electrode
Perfectly Non-Polarizable Electrode
Electrodes in which current passes freely across the electrode-
electrolyte interface, requiring no energy to make the transition.
These electrodes see no overpotentials. Example: Ag/AgCl
Electrode
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The Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode
Advantage of Ag/AgCl is that it is stable in liquid that has large
quantity of Cl- such as the biological fluid.
For biological fluid where Cl- ion is relatively high
a 1
Cl
E E Ag0 RT ln aAg
nF
K s aAg aCl 1010
is solubilityproduct
0 RT Ks
E EAg
Performance of Ag Ag e
nF ln a
electrode
this Cl
Ag Cl AgCl
constant
effective
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Electrode Behavior and Circuit
Models
Advantages: metal + - Electrolyte
–Low Noise (vs. Metal Electrodes) esp. ECG + -
–Biocompatible + -
The characteristic of an electrode is + -
-Sensitive to current density + -
- waveform and frequency dependent + -
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The Electrode-Skin
Interface
For 1 cm , skin impedance
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Signal due to motion has low frequency so it can be filtered out when
measuring a biological signal of high frequency component such as
EMG or axon action potential. However, for ECG, EEG and EOG whose
frequencies are low it is recommended to use nonpolarizable
electrode to avoid signals due to motion artifact.
Must be considered:
–good adhesive connection to skin
–skin cleaning
–floating electrode
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Disposable Foam-Pad
Electrodes
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NEEDLE ELECTRODES
Needle electrodes are generally used in clinical electro myography,
neuro graphy and other electrophysiological investigations under the
skin and in the deeper tissues.
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Types of electrodes
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Internal
Electrodes
No electrolyte-skin interface
No electrolyte gel is
required
The coating recedes after being used for several times and the
electrode must be discarded when this occurs. They are also
color coded.
BIOPOLAR (DOUBLE COAXIAL) NEEDLE
ELECTRODE)
Contains two insulated wires within a metal cannula (is a tube that can be
inserted into the body, often for the delivery or removal of fluid).
The two wires are bared at the tip and provide the contacts to the patient. The
cannula acts as the ground
These electrodes are electrically symmetrical and have no sense of polarity.
CONCENTRIC(COAXIAL) CORE NEEDLE
ELECTRODE
Contains both the active and reference electrode within the same structure.
Consists of an insulated wire contained within an hypodermic needle.
The inner wire is exposed at the tip which forms one electrode. These
needles have very stable electrical characteristics and are convenient
to use.
These electrodes are made by moulding fine platinum wire into hypodermic
needle having outside diameter less than 0.6mm.
One end is bevelled to expose he end of wire and provide easy penetration. The
surface area of the exposed tip is less than 00005mm sq.
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Microelectrodes
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Recording
problems
•Electrode-electrolyte noise
•Noise at the electrolyte
•skin interface
•Motion artifact
•Electric and magnetic field interference
•Thermal noise
•Amplifier noise
•Noise from additional bioelectric events
•Other noise sources
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Silver –Silver Chloride
electrodes
Half cell potential is 2.5 mv only
Reduces the noise voltage and Increases the
stability electrochemically
Stabilizes the half cell potential- no movement
artifacts(variable electrochemical voltage)
Reduce the low frequency electrode- electrolyte
impedance
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Using large area electrode and
bioelectric recorder of high input
impedance the distortion in the wave
form is reduced.
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