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Omd551 Bbi Notes Unit-1

This document discusses bio-potential electrodes and their use in measuring electrical signals in the body. It covers: 1) Bio-potential electrodes convert ionic currents in the body to electronic currents that can be measured. They act as transducers between the body and measuring devices. 2) The electrode-electrolyte interface can be modeled as an electrical circuit including elements like resistance, capacitance, and diffusion impedance. 3) Different types of electrodes like silver/silver chloride are discussed as well as factors that influence their measurements like polarization, concentration, and activation overpotentials.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
34 views52 pages

Omd551 Bbi Notes Unit-1

This document discusses bio-potential electrodes and their use in measuring electrical signals in the body. It covers: 1) Bio-potential electrodes convert ionic currents in the body to electronic currents that can be measured. They act as transducers between the body and measuring devices. 2) The electrode-electrolyte interface can be modeled as an electrical circuit including elements like resistance, capacitance, and diffusion impedance. 3) Different types of electrodes like silver/silver chloride are discussed as well as factors that influence their measurements like polarization, concentration, and activation overpotentials.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT Bio-potential generation

I and Electrodes types

Prepared By
Dr.Gnanasekar.A.K
Professor/ECE
Introduction
• In order to measure and record potentials (currents) in the
body, it is necessary to provide some interface between the
body and the electronic measuring apparatus.
• Current flows in the measuring circuit for at least a fraction
of the period of time over which the measurement is
made.
• Bio potential electrodes is a transducer that convert the
body ionic current in the body into the traditional
electronic current flowing in the electrode.
• Current is carried in the body by ions, whereas it is carried
in the electrode and its lead wire by electrons.
Electrode change an ionic current into an electronic current

2
electrical
behaviour

equivalent circuit
?
3
?
electrical
behaviour

equivalent circuit
?
4
electrical
behaviour

equivalent circuit

5
equivalent
circuit
electrode-electrolyte

6
more precise
approximation of double
layer – Randles circuit
electrode-electrolyte

Rct – active charge transfer resistance


W – Warburg element reflecting diffusion
with impedance ZW = AW/(jω)0.5
AW – Warburg coefficient
7
Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
Oxidation reaction causes atom to lose electron
Reduction reaction causes atom to gain
electron

Oxidation is dominant when current flow from electrode to electrolyte,


and reduction dominate when the current flow is the
opposite
Oxidation Reduction
.
anion cation

Current flow Current flow


C  Cn  ne C  C n   ne
3
Half-Cell
Potential
Half-Cell potential is determined by
-Metal involved
-Concentration of its ion in solution
-Temperature
-And other second order factor

Certain mechanism separate charges at the metal-electrolyte interface results in


one type of charge is dominant on the surface of the metal and the opposite
charge is concentrated at the immediately adjacent electrolyte.
9
Polarizatio
n is altered when there is current flowing in the electrode.
Half cell potential

Overpotential is the difference between the observed half-cell potential with


current flow and the equilibrium zero-current half-cell potential.

Mechanism Contributed to overpotential


-Ohmic overpotential: voltage drop along the path of the current, and
current
changes resistance of electrolyte and thus, a voltage drop does not follow
ohm’s law.

- Concentration overpotential: Current changes the distribution of ions at the


electrode-electrolyte interface
- Activation overpotential: current changes the rate of oxidation and reduction.
Since the activation energy barriers for oxidation and reduction are different, the net
activation energy depends on the direction of current and this difference appear as
voltage.
Vp VR VC VA
Note: Polarization and impedance of the electrode are two of the most important
electrode properties to consider 6
Half Cell Potential and Nernst
Equation
When two ionic solutions of different concentration are separated by
semipermeable membrane, an electric potential exists across the
RT  a membrane.
E
nF ln  a2 
1

a1 and a2 are the activity of the ions on each side of the membrane.
Ionic activity is the availability of an ionic species in solution to enter
into a reaction.
Note: ionic activity most of the time equal the concentration of the
ion
For the general oxidation-reduction reaction
A   B   C   D 
The Nernst equation for half cell potential is ne 

RT  a a 
EE  0
ln C D
nF  
a  B
A a

1
1
Polarizable and Nonpolarizable
Electrodes
Perfectly Polarizable Electrodes
Electrodes in which no actual charge crosses the electrode-electrolyte
interface when a current is applied. The current across the interface is
a displacement current and the electrode behaves like a capacitor.
Overpotential is due concentration. Example : Platinum electrode
Perfectly Non-Polarizable Electrode
Electrodes in which current passes freely across the electrode-
electrolyte interface, requiring no energy to make the transition.
These electrodes see no overpotentials. Example: Ag/AgCl
Electrode

Example: Ag-AgCl is used in recording while Pt is used in


stimulation 1
2
chemical
reactions
silver / silver chloride

13
The Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode
Advantage of Ag/AgCl is that it is stable in liquid that has large
quantity of Cl- such as the biological fluid.
For biological fluid where Cl- ion is relatively high
a  1
Cl

E  E Ag0  RT ln aAg
nF
 


K s  aAg  aCl  1010
 

is solubilityproduct

0  RT  Ks
E  EAg
Performance of Ag  Ag   e
nF ln  a
electrode
this  Cl 
Ag  Cl  AgCl 
  
constant
effective
 9
Electrode Behavior and Circuit
Models
Advantages: metal + - Electrolyte
–Low Noise (vs. Metal Electrodes) esp. ECG + -
–Biocompatible + -
The characteristic of an electrode is + -
-Sensitive to current density + -
- waveform and frequency dependent + -

Rd and Cd make up the


impedance associated with
electrode-electrolyte interface
and polarization effects. Rs is
associated with interface effects
and due to resistance in the
electrolyte. 1
5
The Electrode-Skin Interface

Transparent electrolyte gel containing Cl- is used to maintain good


contact between the electrode and the skin.

1
6
The Electrode-Skin
Interface
For 1 cm , skin impedance
2

reduces from approximately


200K at 1Hz to 200 at 1MHz.

A body-surface electrode is placed against skin, showing the total


electrical equivalent circuit obtained in this situation. Each circuit
element on the right is at approximately the same level at which the
physical process that it represents would be in the left-hand diagram.
Motion
Artifact
When polarizable electrode is in contact with an electrolyte, a double
layer of charge forms at the interface. Movement of the electrode will
disturb the distribution of the charge and results in a momentary
change in the half cell potential until equilibrium is reached again.
Motion artifact is less minimum for nonpolarizable electrodes.

Signal due to motion has low frequency so it can be filtered out when
measuring a biological signal of high frequency component such as
EMG or axon action potential. However, for ECG, EEG and EOG whose
frequencies are low it is recommended to use nonpolarizable
electrode to avoid signals due to motion artifact.

Must be considered:
–good adhesive connection to skin
–skin cleaning
–floating electrode
1
8
19
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Disposable Foam-Pad
Electrodes

Disposable foam-pad electrodes, often used with electrocardiograph monitoring apparatus.

2
7
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NEEDLE ELECTRODES
Needle electrodes are generally used in clinical electro myography,
neuro graphy and other electrophysiological investigations under the
skin and in the deeper tissues.

Material used: Stainless steel which is preferred due to its


mechanical solidity and low price.

These electrodes are generally designed to be fully auto clavable


and should be thoroughly sterilized before use

Different types of needle electrodes are used for electro


myographic work.
35
36
Implantable electrodes

(a) Wire-loop electrode. (b) Silver-sphere cortical-surface


potential electrode. (c) Multielement depth electrode.
mounted

3
7
38
Types of electrodes

•Monopolar needle electrodes


• Bipolar needle electrodes
• Concentric (coaxial) core needle electrode
•Multielement needle electrode

39
Internal
Electrodes
No electrolyte-skin interface
No electrolyte gel is
required

Needle and wire electrodes for


percutaneous measurement
of biopotentials
(a)Insulated needle electrode.
(b)Coaxial needle electrode.
(c)Bipolar coaxial electrode.
(d)Fine-wire electrode connected to
hypodermic needle, before being
inserted.
(e)Cross-sectional view of skin and
muscle, showing coiled fine- wire
electrode in place.
For EMG
Recording 1
MONOPOLAR NEEDLE ELECTRODE

 Consists of Teflon coated stainless steel wire which is barely a tip

The coating recedes after being used for several times and the
electrode must be discarded when this occurs. They are also
color coded.
BIOPOLAR (DOUBLE COAXIAL) NEEDLE
ELECTRODE)

The synthesis of a motor unit action potential,


as recorded by bipolar needle electrodes

Contains two insulated wires within a metal cannula (is a tube that can be
inserted into the body, often for the delivery or removal of fluid).
The two wires are bared at the tip and provide the contacts to the patient. The
cannula acts as the ground
These electrodes are electrically symmetrical and have no sense of polarity.
CONCENTRIC(COAXIAL) CORE NEEDLE
ELECTRODE

Contains both the active and reference electrode within the same structure.
Consists of an insulated wire contained within an hypodermic needle.
The inner wire is exposed at the tip which forms one electrode. These
needles have very stable electrical characteristics and are convenient
to use.
These electrodes are made by moulding fine platinum wire into hypodermic
needle having outside diameter less than 0.6mm.
One end is bevelled to expose he end of wire and provide easy penetration. The
surface area of the exposed tip is less than 00005mm sq.
44
45
46
Microelectrodes

• Rs :resistance of the metal


• Cd: The metal is coated with an insulating material over all
but its most distal tip
Cd2: outside Cdi: inside
• Metal-electrolyte interface, Rma, Cma, and Ema
• Reference electrode: Cmb, Rmb, and Emb
• Ri: electrolyte within the cell membrane
• Re: extracellular fluid
• Cw: lead wires Cap.
• Emp: The cell membrane variable potential

4
7
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Recording
problems
•Electrode-electrolyte noise
•Noise at the electrolyte
•skin interface
•Motion artifact
•Electric and magnetic field interference
•Thermal noise
•Amplifier noise
•Noise from additional bioelectric events
•Other noise sources
55
Silver –Silver Chloride
electrodes
Half cell potential is 2.5 mv only
Reduces the noise voltage and Increases the
stability electrochemically
Stabilizes the half cell potential- no movement
artifacts(variable electrochemical voltage)
Reduce the low frequency electrode- electrolyte
impedance

56
57
Using large area electrode and
bioelectric recorder of high input
impedance the distortion in the wave
form is reduced.

58

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